Mechanism of Action of Lipophilic Hormones

Q. Which one of the following pairs of hormones can easily pass through the cell membrane of the target cell and bind to a receptor inside it?

1. Insulin and glucagon
2. Thyroxine and insulin
3. Somatostatin and oxytocin
4. Cortisol and testosterone

Q.

What is the role of second messenger in hormone action?

Q.

Where are lipid-like steroidal hormones synthesized in animal cells?

Q.

What are receptor proteins?

Q.

Which solutions apart from iodine solution can be used to stain the cells?

Q.

What is ligand in microbiology?

Q. Tradescantia leaf epidermal peel was taken and
a. Placed in salt solution for five minutes.
b. After that it was placed in distilled water.
When seen under the microscope what would be observed in a and b?

Q.

Steroid hormones easily pass through the plasma membrane by simple diffusion because they:

1. Are water soluble

2. Contains carbon and hydrogen

3. Enters through pores

4. Are lipid soluble

Q. The given diagrams I and II represent the mechanism of action for two categories of hormones. Which of the following options correctly identifies the options A to H?

1. A - Protein hormone, B - Receptor, C - Second Messenger, D - Steroid hormone, E - Receptor-hormone complex, F - Nucleus, G - mRNA, H - Protein
2. A - Steroid hormone, B - Receptor, C - Second Messenger, D - Protein hormone, E - Receptor-hormone complex, F - Nucleus, G - mRNA, H - Protein
3. A - Protein hormone, B - Receptor-hormone complex, C - Second Messenger, D - Steroid hormone, E - Receptor, F - Nucleus, G - mRNA, H - Protein
4. A - Protein hormone, B - Receptor-hormone complex, C - mRNA, D - Steroid hormone, E - Receptor, F - Nucleus, G - Second messenger, H - Protein

Q. Which of the following hormones follows the mechanism shown in the diagram?

1. Estrogen
2. Insulin
3. Epinephrine
4. Luteinizing hormone

Q.

Assertion – Robert Hooke discovered cells in thin slice of cork.

Reason – He named them cells as they appeared like small chambers.

Q. Name the scientist who coined the term "cell". How many lenses did he use in his microscope ? What did he observe under his microscope?

Q. Which of the following is true for lipophilic hormones?

1. Lipophilic hormones cross the plasma membrane
2. Inside the target cell, the steroid hormone binds to a specific receptor protein in the cytoplasm or nucleus.
3. Hormone-receptor complex enters the nucleus and binds to DNA, causing gene transcription.
4. Protein synthesis is induced.

Q. Arrange the steps in signal transduction of steroid hormones across the cell in the correct order
I. Interaction of complex with DNA
II. Formation of hormone-receptor complex
III. Physiological responses
IV. Binding of hormone to the intracellular receptor
V. Biochemical actions

1. II $\to$ IV $\to$ I $\to$ III $\to$ V
2. IV $\to$ I $\to$ II $\to$ V $\to$ III
3. IV $\to$ II $\to$ I $\to$ V $\to$ III
4. II $\to$ IV $\to$ III $\to$ I $\to$ V

Q. Which of the following hormones follows the mechanism shown in the diagram?

1. Estrogen
2. Epinephrine
3. Luteinizing hormone
4. Insulin

Q. Which of the following hormones can cross the cell membrane of the target cell?

1. Epinephrine
2. Follicle stimulating hormone
3. Progesterone
4. Prolactin

Q. 1.Why estrogen gives negative feedback when produced in lower concentration while, it gives positive feedback when produced in higher concentration ?

Q. According to the fluid mosaic model of cell membrane :

1. The unique properties of cell types are determined by their phospholipids
2. Basic membrane structure results from how the proteins interact with water
3. The most common type of molecules in the membrane are proteins
4. The membrane is a highly mobile mixture of phospholipids and proteins

Q. How does steroid hormone influence the cellular activities?

1. Using aquaporin channels as second messenger
2. Changing the permeability of the cell membrane
3. Binding to DNA and forming a gene-hormone complex
4. Activating cyclic AMP located on the cell membrane

Q.

Steroid hormones can:

1. enter into target cells and bind with specific receptor and activate specific genes to form proteins.

2. catalyse the formation of cAMP.

3. bind to the cell membrane.

4. act fast but not long lasting.

Q. Who coined the term "cell" ?

Q.

Can plant hormones affect humans?

Q. What is correct regarding iodothyronines?

1. They act both as hormones neurotransmitters
2. They are derivatives of tryptophan amino acid
3. They interact with intracellular receptors
4. They are peptides

Q. Which of the following is true for the effect of steroid hormone ?

1. Fast and short term
2. Fast and long lasting
3. Slow and short term
4. Slow and long lasting

Q. Read the given paragraph and select the option that correctly fills the blanks in it.
Hormones produce their effect on target tissue by binding to specific _________A called hormone receptors located in the target tissues only. Water soluble hormones usually need _________B receptor that generate _________C messengers for regulating cellular metabolism. __________D soluble hormones can pass through cell membrane and bind to _________E receptors, mostly nuclear receptors. The hormone receptors complex enter the nucleus and mostly regulate gene expression or chromosome function by interaction of hormone-receptor complex with the genome.

1. A-proteins, B-membrane bound, C- second, D- lipid, E-intracellular
2. A-lipids, B-membrane bound, C-second, D-water, E-intracellular
3. A-proteins, B-intracellular, C-second, D-lipid, E-extra cellular
4. A-proteins, B-membrane bound, C-primary, D-lipid, E-intracellular

Q. Identify the incorrect match among options below w.r.t plasma constituents with their descriptions and function(s).

1. Plasma constituents	Description	Function(s)
   Albumin	Large sized plasma protein	Contributes to colloidal osmotic pressure

2. Plasma constituents	Description	Function(s)
   Amino acids	Nutrient	Essential roles in cell functions, growth and development

3. Plasma constituents	Description	Function(s)
   Nitrogen $\left(N_2\right)$	Gas	Nitrogen has no known significant function

4. Plasma constituents	Description	Function(s)
   Hormones	Regulatory chemicals	Regulate metabolism, growth and development

Q. Which one of the following does not act as a neurotransmitter?

1. Cortisone
2. Acetylcholine
3. Epinephrine
4. Norepinephrine

Q. How many of these hormones are water soluble ? Thyroxine, Epinephrine, Nor-epinephrine , Aldosterone, Cortisol, Testosterone, Thymosin, Melatonin, Calcitonin

1. 5
2. 4
3. 6
4. 9

Q. Which one of the following pairs of hormones are the examples of those that can easily pass through the cell membrane of the target cell and bind to a receptor inside it(mostly in nucleus)?

1. Insulin, glucagon
2. Thyroxine, insulin
3. Somatostatin, oxytocin
4. Cortisol, testosterone

Q. The given diagrams I and II represent the mechanism of action for two categories of hormones. Which of the following options correctly identifies the options A to H?

1. A - Protein hormone, B - Receptor, C - Second Messenger, D - Steroid hormone, E - Receptor-hormone complex, F - Nucleus, G - mRNA, H - Protein
2. A - Steroid hormone, B - Receptor, C - Second Messenger, D - Protein hormone, E - Receptor-hormone complex, F - Nucleus, G - mRNA, H - Protein
3. A - Protein hormone, B - Receptor-hormone complex, C - Second Messenger, D - Steroid hormone, E - Receptor, F - Nucleus, G - mRNA, H - Protein
4. A - Protein hormone, B - Receptor-hormone complex, C - mRNA, D - Steroid hormone, E - Receptor, F - Nucleus, G - Second messenger, H - Protein