Question

Define hybridization.

Answer 1

Hybridization:

• Hybridization is defined as the intermixing of atomic orbitals with the same energy levels to give the same number of a new type of hybrid orbitals.
• This intermixing usually results in the formation of hybrid orbitals having entirely different energies, shapes, etc.
• The atomic orbitals of the same energy level mainly take part in hybridization.

Types of Hybridization:

sp³ hybridization:

• When one s orbital and three p orbitals from the same shell of an atom mix together to form a new equivalent orbital then this is called sp³ hybridization.
• For example ${\mathrm{CH}}_{4,}{\mathrm{NH}}_3$, etc.

sp² hybridization:

• When one s orbital and two p orbitals from the same shell of an atom mix together to form a new equivalent orbital then this is called sp² hybridization.
• For example, ${\mathrm{C}}_2{\mathrm{H}}_2,{\mathrm{BF}}_3$, etc.

sp hybridization:

• When one s and one p orbital from the same shell of an atom mix together to form a new equivalent orbital then this is called sp hybridization.
• The molecules which show sp hybridization, have a linear shape and an angle of 180°.
• For example, ${\mathrm{BeCl}}_2,{\mathrm{BeF}}_2$ ,etc.

sp³d Hybridization:

• sp³d hybridization involves the mixing of one- s orbital, three- p orbitals and one- d orbital to form 5 sp³d hybridized orbitals of equal energy. They have trigonal bipyramidal geometry.
• The mixture of s, p and d orbital forms trigonal bipyramidal symmetry.
• Three hybrid orbitals lie in the horizontal plane inclined at an angle of 120° to each other known as the equatorial orbitals.
• The remaining two orbitals lie in the vertical plane at 90 degrees plane of the equatorial orbitals known as axial orbitals.
• For example: ${\mathrm{PCl}}_5$.

sp³d² hybridization:

• sp³d² hybridization has one- s, three- p, and two -d orbitals, that undergo intermixing to form 6 identical sp³d² hybrid orbitals.
• These 6 orbitals are directed toward the corners of an octahedron.
• They are inclined at an angle of ${90}^{°}$ to one another.
• For example,${\mathrm{SF}}_6$.

sp³d³ hybridization:

• The process of mixing one s- orbital, three p- orbitals, and three d-orbitals in an atom to form seven sp³d³ hybrid orbitals of equivalent energy is called sp³d³ hybridization.
• For example, ${\mathrm{IF}}_7$.