Countercurrent Multiplication

Q.

What Is the Main Function of Renin and Aldosterone?

Q.

Name two main types of nephrons

Q. If excess water passes out from tissues without being restored by kidneys, the cells would

1. Burst open and die
2. Not affected at all
3. Extract water from plasma
4. Shrivel and die

Q. Selective destruction of the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex would produce a deficiency of which hormone?

1. Aldosterone
2. Androstenedione
3. Cortisol
4. Testosterone

Q. We can produce concentrated/dilute urine. This is facilitated by a special mechanism. Identify the mechanism.

1. Counter current mechanism in Henle's loop/Vasa recta
2. Reabsorption from Collecting duct
3. Reabsorption/Secretion in DCT
4. Reabsorption from PCT

Q.

Which one of the following statements is incorrect?

1. Inside the kidney the cortical region extends in between the medullary pyramids as renal pelvis.

2. Renal corpuscle, proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) and distal convoluted tubule (DCT) of the nephron are situated in the cortical region of kidney.

3. The medullary zone of kidney is divided into a few conical masses called medullary pyramids projecting into the calyces.

4. Glomerulus alongwith Bowman’s capsule is called the renal corpuscle.

Q.

The chloride shift occurs in response to

1. HCO₃⁻

2. H⁺

3. Na⁺

4. K⁺

Q. Which of the following causes increased aldosterone secretion?

1. Decreased blood volume
2. Administration of an inhibitor of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)
3. Hyperosmolarity
4. Hypokalaemia

Q.

With the Bohr effect, more oxygen is released because a(n) ________.

1. decrease in pH (acidosis) strengthens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond

2. increase in pH (alkalosis) strengthens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond

3. increase in pH (alkalosis) weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond

4. decrease in pH (acidosis) weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond

Q. The net pressure gradient that causes the fluid to filter out of the glomeruli into the capsule is

1. Kidney
2. Liver
3. Skin
4. Intestine

Q.

Hyper-osmotic urine secretion depends upon:

1. Length of PCT

2. Length of Henle’s loop

3. Width of Bowman’s capsule

4. Length of DCT

Q.

What is the basic structure of the kidney?

Q.

What are solutions and how do they play an important role in the survival of all living organisms?

Q.

ADH (vasopressin) secretion is increased by

1. Alcohol
2. Carbamazepine
3. Extracellular fluid volume
4. Angiotensin I

Q.

Normally, in humans, glucose

1. is always in the filtrate, with little or none in the urine

2. undergoes tubular secretion and is in the urine

3. is always found in the filtrate and the urine

4. undergoes tubular secretion and is not in the urine

Q. Which hormone stimulates the secretion of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex?

1. Renin
2. Vasopressin
3. ADH
4. Angiotensin II

Q. What is ph scale

Q. Bowman's capsules are all embedded in

1. medulla of kidney
2. cortex of kidney
3. hilum of kidney
4. pyramids of kidney

Q. The appearance of albumin in the urine, is most likely due to

1. Increase in the blood pressure
2. Decrease in the blood osmotic pressure
3. Damage to the Malpighian corpuscles
4. Damage to the proximal convoluted tubules

Q. In the loop of Henle, urine is most concentrated in ______.

1. Descending limb
2. Thick ascending limb
3. Hairpin bend between descending and ascending limbs
4. Area between ascending limb and distal convoluted tubule

Q. Assertion :The renal fluid becomes increasing concentrated when it flows down in the descending limb of loop of Henle towards inner medulla, but its concentration decreases in the ascending limb when it flows towards the cortex. Reason: The descending limb of the loop of Henle water is reabsorbed, the ascending limb is impermeable to water but salt are absorbed.

1. Both (A) and (R) are true (R) is the correct explanation to (A)
2. Both (A) and (R) are true (R) is not the correct explanation to (A)
3. (A) is true, but (R) is false
4. (A) is false, but (R) is true

Q. The counter current system of vasa rectae retains the reabsorbed Na+ in the medullary tissue.

1. True
2. False

Q.

Which of the following sentences is incorrect?

1. Adrenal glands are located on top of each kidney.

2. Gerota's fascia and ligaments fuse to hold up the kidneys and their adrenals.

3. Kidneys have both a concave and a convex surface.

4. The convex surface of the kidney has a bunch of structures called hilar structures coming out of a single opening called a hilum.

Q. In the loop of Henle, urine is most concentrated in ______.

1. Area between ascending limb and distal convoluted tubule
2. Descending limb
3. Thick ascending limb
4. Hairpin bend between descending and ascending limbs

Q. The pH of human urine is approximately

1. 5
2. 7
3. 6
4. 7.5

Q.

concentration of glucose in normal blood sugar is approx. 90mg per 100 ml. what is the molarity of the glucose solution in blood?

Q. In the kidneys, the __(i)__ and the __(ii)__ mechanisms occur. The first takes place in a region of the nephron called __(iii)__; the second occurs in a region of the peritubular capillary bed called the ___(iv)___

1. i-Counter-current multiplier, ii-Counter-current exchanger, iii-Henle's loop, iv-Vasa recta.

2. i-Counter-current exchanger, ii-Counter-current multiplier, iii-Henle's loop, iv-Vasa recta.

3. i-Counter-current multiplier, ii-Counter-current exchanger, iii-Vasa recta, iv-Henle's loop.

4. i-Counter-current exchanger, ii-Counter-current multiplier, iii-Vasa recta, iv-Henle's loop.

Q.

The principal buffer in interstitial fluid is

1. Carbonic acid
2. Hb
3. Compounds containing histidine
4. Phosphate

Q. The ascending limb of the loop of Henle, transports solutes out and the descending loop transports water out to maintain a gradient, this is called .

1. flow of fluid
2. single effect
3. countercurrent
4. flow of filtrate

Q.

All of the following comparisons between the distal nephron and the proximal tubule are correct except

1. The distal nephron is more responsive to aldosterone than the proximal tubule.
2. The distal nephron is less permeable to hydrogen ion than the proximal tubule.
3. The distal nephron has a more negative intraluminal potential than does the proximal tubule.
4. The distal nephron secretes more hydrogen ion than does the proximal tubule.