A recombinant DNA molecule can be produced in the absence of the following
Hosts
Hosts are the organisms in which the genes of other organisms are expressed. Hosts are used once the rDNA is created. Hence Escherichia coli is not necessary for making recombinant DNA molecules as it is not the only host that is necessary for gene cloning. For example, Escherichia coli acts as a host and produces the human protein insulin.
Final answer
(d) E. coli