How do cells generate ATP in the absence of oxygen?

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Solution

Glycolysis:
In the absence of oxygen, cells generate ATP through glycolysis, which is a common process in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
E.g. Because the oxygen supply is insufficient for oxidative phosphorylation during strenuous exercise, pyruvate is reduced to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase after glycolysis.
As glucose is partially oxidized to pyruvic acid, there is a net gain of two ATP molecules during fermentation.

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