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Question
How to calculate pi-bonds and sigma-bonds in any molecules or compounds?
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Solution
A single bond contains one sigma bond (direct head-on overlap of orbitals).
For example, the C-C sigma bond in ethane is formed by the head-on overlap of two sp3 orbitals. The C-H sigma bonds are formed by s-sp3 overlap.
A double bond contains one sigma bond and one pi bond (side-on overlap of p orbitals).
In ethylene, the C=C double bond consists of a sigma bond and a pi bond. The sigma bond is formed by the head-on overlap of two sp2 orbitals. The pi bond is formed by the side-on overlap of two 2p orbitals.
A triple bond contains one sigma bond and 2 pi bonds.
In acetylene, the C≡C triple bond consists of a sigma bond and two pi bonds. The sigma bond is formed by the head-on overlap of two sp orbitals. The pi bonds are formed by the side-on overlap of 2p orbitals.
For example, the C-C sigma bond in ethane is formed by the head-on overlap of two sp3 orbitals. The C-H sigma bonds are formed by s-sp3 overlap.
A double bond contains one sigma bond and one pi bond (side-on overlap of p orbitals).
In ethylene, the C=C double bond consists of a sigma bond and a pi bond. The sigma bond is formed by the head-on overlap of two sp2 orbitals. The pi bond is formed by the side-on overlap of two 2p orbitals.
A triple bond contains one sigma bond and 2 pi bonds.
In acetylene, the C≡C triple bond consists of a sigma bond and two pi bonds. The sigma bond is formed by the head-on overlap of two sp orbitals. The pi bonds are formed by the side-on overlap of 2p orbitals.
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