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Synthesis of Ethers

why is o-nitr...

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why is o-nitrophenol a major product in nitration of phenol ? whereas in case of halogenation para form a major product.why?

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Q. The compounds P, Q and S

were separately subjected to nitration using

H N O_{3} / H_{2} S O_{4}

mixtue. The major product formed in each case, respectively, is:

Q. Ortho-nitrophenol is steam volatile whereas para-nitrophenol is not. This is due to

1.

Intramolecular hydrogen bonding present in ortho-nitrophenol

2.

Intermolecular hydrogen bonding present in para-nitrophenol

3.

Intramolecular hydrogen bonding present in para-nitrophenol

4.

Inter-molecular hydrogen bonding present in ortho-nitrophenol.

Q. Phenol reacts with sodium hydroxide to give sodium phenoxide. Phenoxide ion undergoes electrophilic substitution with carbon dioxide ( a weak electrophile) because phenoxide ion is more reactive than phenol. Salicylic acid is formed as a major product. At lower temperature ortho isomer predominant, whereas para isomer is obtained at a higher temperature. Give the reason behind it.

Q. Among the following four compounds the acidity order is:
(a) Phenol

(b) methyl phenol
(c) meta nitrophenol

(d) para-nitrophenol

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