# Math Theorems

Not all Mathematics involves proofs, as it involves a rich range of human ideas, problems, patterns, mistakes and corrections. However, proofs are an important part of modern mathematics. It’s generally followed that the statement or result in mathematics are considered meaningless unless mathematical proof accompanies it. We intend to present you the proofs of theorems in the mathematics of class 10 CBSE, to be utilized as a learning resource and practice for acquiring writing skill.

Technically, a Theorem is a statement that is demonstrated to be correct by the accepted mathematical operations. And the process of representing a theorem to be correct is called a proof.

Triangles

• All congruent figures are similar, but it doesn’t mean that all similar figures are congruent.
• Two polygons with a same number of sides are similar if their corresponding angles are equal, and their corresponding sides are in the same ratio.
• Two triangles are similar, if their corresponding angles are equal and corresponding sides are in the same ratio.
• In two triangles, if the corresponding angles are equal and corresponding sides are in the same ratio then the two triangles are similar.
• In two triangles, if the sides of any one of the triangles are proportional to the sides of the other triangle, then their corresponding angles are equal, and the two triangles are similar.

Theorem 1

To Prove that, If a line is drawn parallel to one side of a triangle and intersects the other two sides, then the other two sides are divided in the same ratio.

ABC is a triangle,  side DE || BC and DE intersects AB at D and AC at E.

Join C to D and B to E. Draw EM ⊥ AC and DN ⊥ AB.

We need to prove that AD/DB = AE/EC

Proof:

Area of a triangle = ½ * AD * EM

Similarly,

Ar(BDE) = ½ * DB * EM

Ar(ADE) = ½* AE * DN

Ar(DEC) = ½ * EC * DN

Hence,

Similarly,

Triangles DEC and BDE are on the same base, i.e. DE and between same parallels DE and BC.

Hence,

Ar(BDE) = Ar(DEC)

From above equations, we can say that

Hence Proved

Theorem 2

If a line divides any of the two sides of a triangle in the same ratio, then that line is parallel to the third side.

ABC is a triangle in which DE divides AC and AB in the same ratio. This states that:

AB/DB = AE/EC

To prove: If DE || BC, then

AB/DB = AE/EC

According to the theorem AB/DB = AE/EC

Then Accordingly, E and E must be coincident.

This proves that DE || BC

Proved

Theorem 3

In two triangles, If the sides of one triangle are proportional to the sides of the other triangle, then their corresponding angles are equal and hence the two triangles are similar, also called SSS (side-side-side) criterion.

Two triangles ABC and DEF are drawn in such a way that their corresponding sides are proportional. It means:

AB/DE = AC/DF = BC/EF

To prove: ∠A = ∠C, ∠B = E and ∠C = ∠F

Hence triangle ABC ~ DEF

In Triangle DEF, draw a line PQ so that DP = AB and DQ = AC

Proof:

because the corresponding sides of the two triangles are equal.

This implies;

DP/PE = DQ/QF = PQ/EF

This also means that ∠P = ∠E and ∠Q = ∠F

We had taken, ∠A=∠D, ∠B=∠P and ∠C=∠Q

Hence; ∠A = ∠D,  ∠B = ∠E and ∠C = ∠F

Therefore, from AAA criterion;

Triangle ABC ~ DEF.

Proved

Theorem 4

Pythagoras Theorem: In a right angled triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides.

ABC is a triangle which is right angled at B. BD is perpendicular to hypotenuse AC drawn from vertex B.

We have to prove that

Proof:

Because these are similar triangles.

In triangles ABC and BDC;

BC/AC = CD/BC

When we add 1 and 2, we get;

Proved.

To go through more theorems of class 10 Mathematics and practice more problems based on the relevant theorems, please visit Byju’s.com.

#### Practise This Question

If α and β are the zeros of polynomial
x2+3x2, find 1(α)3+1(β)3.
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