Table of Contents |
Aim
To study the relation between the frequency and the length of a given wire under constant tension using a sonometer.
Apparatus/Materials Required
- A set of eight tuning forks
- A sonometer
- Seven ½ kg slotted weights
- Paper rider
- Rubber Pad
- Screw gauge
- Metre-scale
- ½ kg hanger
Diagram
Theory
If the stretched wire vibrates in resonance with the tuning fork with a frequency v, then the string also manifests the same frequency v.
Considering that the string is of length l with diameter D and a density ρ and length l, then the frequency of the string is given by the equation,
From the above equation, we know that
vl = constant
The graph between v and l will be a hyperbola while the graph between v and 1/l will be a straight line.
The relation between the length (l) and tension (T) from the above equation, is given as follows:
A graph between T and l2 will be a straight line
Procedure
- Place the sonometer on the table as shown in the figure.
- Oil the pulley to make it frictionless
- Put suitable maximum weight to the hanger
- Move the wooden bridge P outward to include the maximum length of wire AB between them.
- Pick the tuning fork of the least frequency from the set. Make it vibrate by striking its prong on a rubber pad. Bring the fork close to the ear.
- Pluck the wire AB from the middle and leave it to vibrate.
- Listen to the sound produced by both the tuning fork and the wire and judge which has less frequency.
- Since the long wire may have less frequency move the bridges inward and check the frequencies again.
- Go on decreasing the length of the wire till the frequency of the wire becomes equal to the frequency of the tuning fork.
- Place an inverted V-shaped paper rider in the middle of the wire AB. Vibrate the tuning fork and touch the lower end of its handle with a sonometer board. The wire AB vibrates due to resonance and the paper rider falls.
- Note the length of the wire AB between the edges of two bridges and record it in the ‘length decreasing’ column.
- Bring the bridges closer and adjust the length of the wire by increasing little by little till the rider falls.
- Note the length of the wire and record it in ‘length increasing column.’
- Take the rest of the five tuning forks, and one by one, in the order of increasing frequency repeat steps 5 to 13.
- Record the observations as given below.
Observations
Constant tension on the wire, T = _____ kg.
Serial No of observations | Frequency of tuning fork used
v (Hz) |
Resonant length of wire | 1/l
cm–1 |
||
Length increasing (l1) | Length
decreasing(l2) |
\(\begin{array}{l}\frac{l_1+l_2}{2}\end{array} \) |
|||
Table for frequency and length
Calculations
-
- Find the mean length l.
- Determine 1/l
- Plot a graph between v and l, with v along the x-axis and l along the y-axis.
- Now, plot a graph between v and 1/l, with v along the x-axis and 1/l along the y-axis. The graph is a straight line as shown below.
Result
From the graph, it can be concluded that vl = constant and
Viva Voce
1.What is the principle involved in sonometer?
Answer: Resonance is the principle involved in the sonometer.
2. Which type of waves are produced in the sonometer experiment?
Answer: Transverse waves are produced in the sonometer experiment.
3. What is the relationship between frequency and the length of a given wire under constant tension?
Answer: The relationship between the frequency and the length of a given wire under constant tension is given by the equation
Frequently Asked Questions – FAQs
What is the principle involved in a sonometer?
Which type of waves are produced in the sonometer experiment?
What is the relationship between frequency and the length of a given wire under constant tension?
Watch the video and learn more about resonance
![](https://cdn1.byjus.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Resonance.jpg)
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