Hall effect is defined as the production of a voltage difference across an electrical conductor which is transverse to an electric current, and with respect to an applied magnetic field, it is perpendicular to the current. Edwin Hall discovered this effect in the year 1879.
Hall field is defined as the field developed across the conductor, and Hall voltage is the corresponding potential difference. This principle is observed in the charges involved in the electromagnetic fields.
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Hall Effect Derivation
Consider a metal with one type of charge carrier that is electrons and is a steady-state condition with no movement of charges in the y-axis direction. Following is the derivation of the Hall-effect:
Where,
- VH is Hall voltage
- EH is Hall field
- v is the drift velocity
- d is the width of the metal slab
- B is the magnetic field
- Bev is a force acting on an electron
Where,
- I is an electric current
- n is no.of electrons per unit volume
- A is the cross-sectional area of the conductor
Where,
In semiconductors, RH is positive for the hole and negative for free electrons.
Where,
- E is an electric field
- v is the drift velocity
- RHย is theย Hall coefficient
- ๐Hย isย the mobility of the hole
The ratio between density (x-axis direction) and current density (y-axis direction) is known as the Hall angle, which measures the average number of radians due to collisions of the particles.
Where,
- R is Hall resistance
Hall Effect Derivation in Semiconductors
In semiconductors, electrons and holes contribute to different concentrations and mobilities, making it difficult to explain the Hall coefficient given above. Therefore, for the simple explanation of a moderate magnetic field, the following is the Hall coefficient:
Where,
- n is electron concentration
- p is hole concentration
- ๐eย is theย mobility of electron
- ๐Hย isย the mobility of the hole
- e is an elementary charge
Applications of Hall effect
Hall effect finds many applications.
- It is used to determine if the given material is a semiconductor or insulator.
- It is used to measure the magnetic field and is known as a magnetometer
- They find applications in position sensing as they are immune to water, mud, dust, and dirt.
- They are used in integrated circuits as Hall effect sensors.
This was the derivation of the Hall effect. Stay tuned with BYJUโS and learn various other Physics-related topics.
Related Physics articles:
| Photoelectric Effect | Extrinsic Semiconductors |
| Electric Current:The Flow Of Charge | Electrical Resistance |
Watch the video to learn more about magnetic lines and its properties
Frequently Asked Questions โ FAQs
What is a semiconductor?
What is the hall effect?
Who discovered the hall effect?
What is the hall field?
Give one application of the hall effect.
Which effect is observed in the charges involved in the electromagnetic fields?
The Hall effect is observed in the charges involved in the electromagnetic fields.
What is a magnetic field?
A magnetic field is a field that shows the magnetic influence on electric currents, moving charges, and magnetic materials.
What is a Hall effect sensor?
A Hall effect sensor is a sensor which detects the magnitude and the presence of magnetic fields using the principles of the Hall effect.
What is a magnetometer?
A magnetometer is a device used to the magnetic field of an object.
What is the main drawback of Hall effect sensors?
The accuracy of the measured quantities is not considered ideal as there is a chance of interferences by external magnetic fields.
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