05 Nov 2023 CNA
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A. GS 1 Related GEOGRAPHY 1. Nepal Earthquake 2. Oligopolies control over rare earths B. GS 2 Related INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 1. Why did India abstain from voting on Israel? C. GS 3 Related D. GS 4 Related E. Editorials Nothing here for today!!! F. Prelims Facts 1. Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana 2. National Ambient Air Quality Standards 3. IL-38 decommissioned 4. Butler Palace 5. H. pylori bacteria 6. Korai paai grass mats of Tamil Nadu G. Tidbits Nothing here for today!!! H. UPSC Prelims Practice Questions I. UPSC Mains Practice Questions
A. GS 1 Related
Syllabus: Important Geophysical Phenomena such as earthquakes, Tsunami, Volcanic activity, cyclone etc., geographical features and their location-changes in critical geographical features (including water-bodies and ice-caps) and in flora and fauna and the effects of such changes.
Prelims: Basics of Earthquake
Mains: Reasons and Impact of Earthquake
Context: Nepal has experienced a devastating earthquake, with a magnitude of 6.4, resulting in the loss of lives, extensive damage, and injuries. This earthquake is the most significant to hit the country since the devastating 2015 quake that had catastrophic consequences.
Details:
- Magnitude and Epicenter: The earthquake had a magnitude of 6.4 and was centered in the Jajarkot district, approximately 500 km west of Kathmandu. Its intensity caused widespread destruction in the remote mountainous region.
- Human Casualties: At least 157 people have lost their lives, with more than 160 individuals suffering injuries. The death toll is expected to rise as rescue and relief operations continue.
- Impact on Remote Areas: The most severe impact was felt in the Jajarkot and Rukum districts of western Nepal, where a significant number of casualties and destruction occurred. These are remote and challenging regions to access.
- Aftershocks: Following the main earthquake, there have been numerous aftershocks, adding to the fear and uncertainty in the affected areas.
Why is Nepal prone to Earthquakes?
- Situated on the precarious Himalayan seismic zone, Nepal is a highly earthquake-prone country.
- Active subduction zone: Collision between Indian and Eurasian plates.
- The youngest mountain ranges in the world, the Himalayas have risen up as a result of the collision of the Eurasian plate, with Tibet at its southern edge, and the Indian continental plate and over the centuries have continued to evolve tectonically which the seismologists say, advance two metres closer every century resulting in sudden release of elastic energy stored in the active geological faults inside the earth causing movement in the crust.
Wayforward:
- Immediate Relief: The government of Nepal has allocated financial aid to the affected districts as an immediate relief measure. Further financial support and resources should be directed to the affected areas to provide shelter, medical assistance, and food to the affected population.
- Disaster Preparedness: Nepal needs to enhance its disaster preparedness and response mechanisms, especially in remote areas prone to earthquakes. This includes better infrastructure, early warning systems, and disaster management training.
- International Cooperation: Nepal should collaborate with neighboring countries, particularly India, to enhance disaster response and coordination. International agencies and organizations should also offer support for relief and recovery.
- Aftershock Monitoring: Continual monitoring and analysis of aftershocks are crucial to anticipate and manage potential further damage.
Nut Graf: The Nepal earthquake is a tragic event that has resulted in significant loss of life and destruction, particularly in remote regions. The response to this disaster should prioritize immediate relief, improved disaster preparedness, and international cooperation.
2. Oligopolies control over rare earths
Syllabus: Distribution of Key Natural Resources across the world (including South Asia and the Indian sub-continent); factors responsible for the location of primary, secondary, and tertiary sector industries in various parts of the world (including India).
Prelims: Concept of rare earths
Mains: Issues in Control over rare earths
Context: The control of rare earth elements by oligopolies poses a significant obstacle to the global transition towards green technologies. Chief Economic Advisor (CEA) V. Anantha Nageswaran has highlighted the concerns surrounding rare earths and their potential impact on energy transition efforts, as well as the risks associated with external funding for developing countries.
Oligopoly:
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Issues:
- Oligopolistic Control Over Rare Earths: The mining and processing of rare earth elements are controlled by a few dominant players, creating an oligopolistic market structure. This control limits the availability of these critical minerals necessary for scaling up green technologies.
- Uncertainty in Green Transitions: The reliance on a limited number of suppliers for rare earths creates uncertainty in the transition to green technologies, as disruptions in the supply chain can impede progress.
- Weaponization of External Funding: The CEA warns that external funding provided to help developing countries shift from fossil fuels could be weaponized, potentially creating dependency and vulnerabilities for recipient nations.
- Greed in Green Investments: Investors in green transitions are cautioned against prioritizing high returns at the expense of the common good. The CEA emphasizes the importance of ethical investment practices.
- Role of Public Investments: Public investments play a crucial role in supporting green transitions. The CEA points out that historically, major transformation efforts, such as post-World War II reconstruction, space exploration, and the development of the Internet, were driven by the public sector.
Significance:
- Rare Earths and Green Technologies: The availability of rare earth elements is pivotal to the scaling up of green technologies, including electric vehicles, renewable energy sources, and energy storage solutions. Oligopolistic control over these resources can hinder the progress of green transitions.
- Energy Transition Uncertainty: The uncertainty caused by the oligopolistic control of rare earths may slow down or disrupt the global transition to cleaner energy sources, impacting efforts to combat climate change.
- Ethical Investment Practices: Encouraging investors to prioritize the common good over excessive profits can lead to more sustainable and equitable green transitions.
- Public Sector Involvement: The public sector’s active role in investing in technologies like carbon sequestration, battery storage, and green hydrogen can help address intellectual property issues and assert the global public nature of these solutions.
Wayforward:
- Diversification of Rare Earth Supply: Efforts should be made to diversify the sources of rare earths, reducing reliance on a few dominant players. Encouraging exploration and mining in different regions can mitigate supply chain risks.
- Responsible Investment Practices: Investors in green transitions should adopt ethical investment practices that prioritize the long-term common good over short-term gains, ensuring that the benefits of green technologies are widely accessible.
- Public Investment in Green Technologies: Governments should actively invest in critical green technologies, such as carbon sequestration, battery storage, and green hydrogen. This public support can mitigate intellectual property challenges and promote equitable access to these solutions.
- International Cooperation: International collaboration is essential to address the challenge of oligopolistic control over rare earths. Diplomatic efforts can encourage fair and transparent trade practices in this sector.
Nut Graf: The control of rare earth elements by oligopolies presents a significant hurdle to the global green transition. It is essential to address the issues surrounding rare earths, promote responsible investment practices, and encourage public investments in critical green technologies.
B. GS 2 Related
Category: INTERNATIONAL RELATION
1. Why did India abstain from voting on Israel?
Syllabus: Effect of policies and politics of developed and developing countries on India’s interests
Mains: India- Israel relations
Context: India’s decision to abstain from the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) resolution calling for a ceasefire in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict has raised significant questions.
- The abstention, which marked a departure from India’s historical voting patterns, has sparked debates regarding the reasons behind this move.
Issues:
- India’s Stand on Terrorism: External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar explained that India’s vote was in line with its strong stance against terrorism, given the significant impact of terrorism on Indian citizens. India sought a more explicit condemnation of the terror attacks by Hamas, which was not included in the UNGA resolution.
- Historical Voting Record: India’s vote is a notable shift from its past positions at the UN. Historically, India supported Palestine and consistently voted against Israel. However, the voting pattern evolved in the 1990s, became more nuanced in the 2000s, and shifted towards abstentions and even voting against resolutions critical of Israel, especially since 2019.
- Global Equivocation: Some observers suggest that India’s abstention may be part of a broader trend where India chooses to equivocate on global issues, maintaining a balance between conflicting sides to avoid antagonizing any key international partners. This approach is evident in India’s stance on issues like the Russia-Ukraine conflict and the Myanmar crisis.
India’s Position at UN on Israel-Palestine Conflict:
- India initially opposed the communal partition. India voted against the partition of Palestine and the creation of a separate state of Israel in 1948.
- Later, India came around to accept and consistently support the Two-State Solution as the only viable option.
- 1950s-1991: Voted against Israel at several instances against the use of disproportionate force by Israel.
- India was the first non-Arab state to recognize the Palestine Liberation Organisation (PLO) as the representative of the people, and to recognize Palestine in 1988, and consistently voted against Israel at the United Nations.
India’s Position Post-1991
- However, in the 1990s, especially once India established full diplomatic ties with Israel, its votes at the UN grew more nuanced, abstaining on many votes that directly criticised
- Israel, or called for international tribunals on its treatment of Palestinians in the Occupied Territories of West Bank and Gaza.
- In December 1991, just weeks before India and Israel opened their embassies, India was part of a majority that voted at the UNGA to revoke an earlier resolution that equated Zionism with “racism and racial discrimination”.
- In subsequent decades, India continued to condemn Israeli bombardment and its blockade of Gaza during UN resolutions.
- But tempered its votes on other anti-Israel resolutions, especially at other forums.
India’s Position Post-2014
- After 2014, and more perceptibly post 2019, a more pointed shift has followed, where on resolutions critical of Israel where India would have in the past voted “for”, it now began to “abstain”, and to even vote against them, if they involved more intrusive international enquiries.
- The rule however seemed to be to stand with Palestine on all votes relating to Palestinian rights against the occupation and Israeli bombardment.
- India even raised its annual contribution to the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees (UNRWA) from a million dollars each year to five million dollars a year.
- India voted against the U.S.’s decision to recognize Jerusalem as the Israeli capital and move its embassy there at the UNGA.
- But, India abstained from voting on a UN Human Rights Council (UNHRC) resolution in 2015 on a report that held more criticism of Israel than Hamas for violence in Gaza.
- In 2016, India even voted against a UNHRC resolution that called for an International Criminal Court (ICC) investigation into Israeli war crimes.
- India also voted with Israel at the United Nations Economic and Social Council in 2019 in stopping a Hamas-linked NGO from receiving observer status.
Significance:
- India-Israel Relations: India’s abstention was welcomed by Israel, indicating a potential warming of relations between the two countries. While India has long-standing ties with Palestine, its evolving relationship with Israel may have influenced this vote.
- Geopolitical Implications: India’s alignment with other countries that abstained from the resolution, such as Australia, South Korea, and some NATO members, could signal a shift in India’s alliances in the international arena. This may have broader geopolitical implications.
- Balancing Act: India’s abstention reflects its intent to maintain a “tightrope balance” between conflicting sides in a polarized world. This approach allows India to safeguard its interests and relationships with various nations.
Solutions:
- Clarity in Position: India should communicate its stance on international issues more clearly, ensuring that its abstentions or votes align with its strategic interests and principles. This can help in avoiding misinterpretation and confusion.
- Engagement with Key Partners: India should engage with its international partners to explain its voting decisions and reassure them of its commitment to shared goals and values.
- Balanced Diplomacy: Continue to engage with both Israel and Palestine to maintain India’s historical ties while exploring opportunities for stronger partnerships and cooperation.
Nut Graf: India’s abstention from the UNGA truce resolution marks a significant departure from its historical voting patterns. The decision reflects India’s evolving foreign policy, where it seeks to maintain a balance between conflicting interests.
C. GS 3 Related
Nothing here for today!!!
D. GS 4 Related
Nothing here for today!!!
E. Editorials
Nothing here for today!!!
F. Prelims Facts
1. Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana
Context: Prime Minister has announced the extension of the Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana (PMGKAY) for another five years. The scheme, initially introduced in 2020 as a pandemic relief measure, provides 5 kg of free foodgrains monthly to 80 crore beneficiaries, in addition to the 5 kg of subsidised food grains allocated under the National Food Security Act.
Significance:
- Continued Food Security: The extension of PMGKAY ensures continued food security for 80 crore Indians, especially the economically disadvantaged, during a time when economic uncertainties and challenges persist.
- Pandemic Relief: The scheme was originally launched as a response to the economic hardships caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Its extension reflects the government’s commitment to providing relief and support in the post-pandemic recovery phase.
Poverty Alleviation: PMGKAY has been a critical tool in the government’s efforts to alleviate poverty. The PM highlighted the government’s achievements in lifting 13.5 crore people out of poverty, underscoring its commitment to empowering vulnerable communities.
2. National Ambient Air Quality Standards
Context: Delhi’s air quality crisis has worsened, with the concentration of the hazardous pollutant PM2.5 at Anand Vihar soaring to over 33 times the prescribed safety limit.
- As the city grapples with toxic air for the fifth consecutive day, Delhi Environment Minister Gopal Rai has requested an emergency meeting with Union Environment Minister Bhupender Yadav to address the pressing issue.
Issues:
- Dangerous PM2.5 Levels: PM2.5 is a toxic particulate matter that poses severe health risks when inhaled. The recorded levels in Anand Vihar, far above the safe limit, have immediate and long-term health implications for residents.
- Worsening Air Quality: The continuous deterioration of air quality in Delhi is a concerning issue that affects the well-being of the population, particularly those with respiratory and cardiovascular conditions.
Vehicular Pollution: The role of vehicular pollution in deteriorating air quality is a significant concern. The request to allow only CNG, electric, and BS VI-compliant vehicles reflects the need to address this source of pollution.
Context: The Indian Navy bids adieu to its IL-38 Sea Dragon aircraft, marking the end of a remarkable journey that commenced on October 1, 1977, with the commissioning of the Indian Naval Air Squadron (INAS) 315 at Goa.
Details:
- Aircraft De-Induction: The retirement of the IL-38 Sea Dragon marks the end of an era in the Indian Navy’s long-range maritime surveillance capabilities.
- Maintenance Challenges: Over the years, it became increasingly difficult to maintain the aging aircraft, prompting the need for its retirement.
Transition to Newer Technologies: The Navy is transitioning to a fleet of Dornier aircraft for lower-end surveillance and P-8Is for higher-end surveillance. Additionally, it plans to induct C-295 aircraft for medium-range maritime patrol and enhance its capabilities with long-endurance unmanned aerial vehicles.
Context: Butler Palace, a once-grand three-storey structure in Lucknow, is set to undergo a transformation from a long-deserted and rumored-to-be ‘haunted’ building to a tourist attraction.
- The palace, initially built a century ago in a blend of Rajasthani and Indo-Mughal architectural styles, has a storied history linked to the royal family of Mahmudabad. However, it was declared an “enemy property” by the Indian government in the 1960s.
Details:
- Abandonment and Neglect: Butler Palace has remained deserted and in darkness for many decades, with rumors of it being ‘haunted.’ It has also been subject to vandalism and theft by trespassers seeking valuable parts.
- Legal Battle: The property’s ownership has been a subject of a long-standing legal battle, with its classification as an “enemy property” complicating the matter.
- Historical and Cultural Neglect: The palace, once frequented by notable figures like Jawaharlal Nehru and post-Independence political leaders, stands as a historical and cultural heritage site that has been overlooked.
Significance:
- Historical Relevance: Butler Palace has historical significance, having hosted prominent individuals during the pre- and post-Independence eras.
- Heritage Restoration: The restoration project holds the potential to revive and preserve the architectural and cultural heritage of the region.
Tourism Attraction: The renovation and development of the palace and surrounding areas can contribute to local tourism, benefiting the region economically.
Context: The National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (NICED), Kolkata, has developed a two-step PCR-based assay to detect Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection, identify clarithromycin-resistant bacteria, and distinguish drug-sensitive strains.
- H. pylori is a bacterium that affects a substantial portion of the Indian population and is linked to peptic ulcers, gastric cancer, and other gastrointestinal disorders.
Significance:
- Quick Detection: The new PCR-based assay offers rapid detection of H. pylori infection and distinguishes between drug-resistant and drug-sensitive strains in six to seven hours, significantly reducing diagnosis and treatment delay.
- High Sensitivity and Specificity: The assay demonstrates 100% sensitivity and specificity, ensuring accurate results.
- Effective Treatment: Timely identification of drug-resistant strains enables more targeted and effective treatments for H. pylori infections.
6. Korai paai grass mats of Tamil Nadu
Context: In the interiors of South India, mats crafted from dry grass cultivated along the banks of the Cauvery River in Karur district, Tamil Nadu, hold a unique place in homes.
- These mats, known as “korai paai” in Tamil, are a testament to the skilled craftsmanship and traditional weaving practices that have been a part of South Indian culture for generations.
Details:
- Traditional Craft Fading: The traditional method of weaving straw mats is gradually fading due to the lack of interest among the younger generation in learning and continuing this craft.
- Economic Viability: Weavers face challenges in making this craft economically viable, which has further contributed to its decline.
- Cultural Heritage: The making of straw mats represents a significant part of South Indian cultural heritage, reflecting the traditional practices and skills of the region.
- Functional Art: These mats are not merely decorative; they serve a practical purpose by providing comfort, especially during hot summer nights.
Wedding Tradition: Straw mats are a popular choice for wedding gifts in the region, symbolizing the importance of this craft in South Indian traditions.
G. Tidbits
Nothing here for today!!!
H. UPSC Prelims Practice Questions
Q1. H. pylori infection is one of the robust known risk factors for:
- Gastric Cancer
- Leukemia
- Tuberculosis
- Chronic respiratory diseases
CHECK ANSWERS:-
Answer: a
Explanation: H. pylori infection is often acquired during childhood and remains in the stomach throughout life if not treated with antibiotics effectively. It is one of the robust known risk factors for gastric cancer.
Q2. ‘Korai paai’ are mats crafted from dry grass cultivated in:
- Karnataka
- Assam
- Nagaland
- Tamil Nadu
CHECK ANSWERS:-
Answer: d
Explanation: Korai Paai mats are crafted from the dry grass cultivated along the banks of the river Cauvery in Karur district of Tamil Nadu.
Q3. Consider the following statements with respect to National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS):
- They are standards for air quality that are set by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB).
- They are applicable to the whole country.
- The current standards (2009) comprise 12 pollutants.
How many of these statements is/are incorrect?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
CHECK ANSWERS:-
Answer: d
Explanation: All three statements are correct.
Q4. Consider the following statements:
Statement I: Nepal is a highly earthquake-prone country.
Statement II: Nepal is situated in the Himalayan seismic zone.
Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?
- Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I.
- Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I.
- Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect.
- Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct.
CHECK ANSWERS:-
Answer: a
Explanation: Nepal is a highly earthquake-prone country as it is situated in the precarious Himalayan seismic zone.
Q5. Consider the following statements:
- Oligopoly is a type of market structure where a small number of suppliers control the market.
- Duopolies are a type of oligopoly.
- A monopoly market is where there is one seller and a large number of buyers
How many of these statements is/are incorrect?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
CHECK ANSWERS:-
Answer: c
Explanation: All three statements are correct. A duopoly market is where there are two sellers and a large number of buyers. It is a type of oligopoly where there are only two firms operating in the market.
I. UPSC Mains Practice Questions
- “Examine India’s nuanced position at the UN over the Israel-Palestine conflict. (250 words, 15 marks) [GS-II: International Relation]
- Illustrate the seismic vulnerability of the Himalayas and discuss the hazard perception for India and Nepal. GS II – (250 words, 15 marks) [GS- II: International Relation]
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