24 March 2024 CNA
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
A. GS 1 Related B. GS 2 Related SOCIAL JUSTICE 1. Anaemia prevalence in eight States found to be overestimated C. GS 3 Related SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 1. Activists write to PM highlighting shortage of vital anti-TB drugs D. GS 4 Related E. Editorials F. Prelims Facts 1. Chinese forces hit Filipino boat with water cannons 2. Dispersal out of Africa may have occurred during arid period G. Tidbits H. UPSC Prelims Practice Questions I. UPSC Mains Practice Questions
A. GS 1 Related
Nothing here for today!!!
B. GS 2 Related
Category: SOCIAL JUSTICE
1. Anaemia prevalence in eight States found to be overestimated
Syllabus: Issues related to the development and management of the social sector/Services relating to Health, Education, Human Resources
Prelims: Reasons for Anaemia in India
Mains: Steps taken by India to reduce Anaemia
Context​:
- The prevalence of anaemia in India was overestimated in previous surveys.
- Recent study across eight states challenges previous findings.
- Discrepancies attributed to measurement methods and sample types.
Issues
Measurement Discrepancies
- Capillary blood sampling vs. venous blood sampling.
- Capillary blood underestimates haemoglobin levels.
- Dilution effect due to tissue fluid mixing.
- A comprehensive study across eight Indian states with 4,613 participants found previous anaemia prevalence estimates to be overstated.
- The prevalence of anaemia was primarily mild, with overall rates of 18.4% mildly anaemic, 14.7% moderately, and 1.8% severely. Women had higher anaemia rates than men.
- NFHS surveys showed much higher anaemia rates compared to this study, attributing discrepancies to different blood sampling methods.
Prevalence Discrepancies
- NFHS surveys show higher anaemia prevalence. The highest anaemia prevalences were observed in Assam and Odisha, while Meghalaya and Telangana had the lowest.
- Current study reveals lower prevalence rates.
- Iron deficiency is not the primary cause of anaemia as assumed.
Anaemia
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Significance
- Understanding true prevalence crucial for effective healthcare policies.
- Implications for resource allocation and intervention strategies.
- Challenges assumptions regarding iron deficiency as the main cause of anaemia.
- Raises questions about the effectiveness of current supplementation programs.
Solutions
Improved Measurement Techniques
- Consider venous blood sampling for more accurate results.
- Address dilution effects and plasma-skimming phenomenon.
Reconsideration of Policies
- Rethink universal iron supplementation policies.
- Focus on diverse nutritional interventions rather than solely targeting iron.
- Emphasize reducing inflammation and improving overall diet diversity.
Promotion of Dietary Diversification
- Shift from cereals to more resilient options like millets.
- Address challenges of phytate content in millets through education and strategies.
- Highlight benefits of increased iron and calcium intake from millets.
Conclusion
- Iron deficiency is not the sole cause of anaemia, challenging existing assumptions.
- Policy reconsideration needed to focus on diverse nutritional interventions and dietary diversification rather than universal iron supplementation.
Nut Graf: Anaemia prevalence in India may have been overestimated in previous surveys due to measurement and sampling discrepancies. Emphasis on accurate measurement techniques and promoting resilient food options like millets to combat anaemia effectively.
C. GS 3 Related
Category: SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
1. Activists write to PM highlighting shortage of vital anti-TB drugs
Syllabus: Developments in Science and Technology, Applications of scientific developments in everyday life
Prelims: Anti-TB drugs
Mains: Shortage of vital anti-TB drugs in India
Context​:
- Activists and public health experts highlight the shortage of vital anti-TB drugs in a letter to the Prime Minister.
- Urgent intervention is sought ahead of World Tuberculosis Day, observed annually on March 24.
- Shortage specifically affects drugs essential for treating drug-sensitive TB (DS-TB).
Issues
Shortage of Essential Drugs
- Shortage of 4FDC and 3FDC drugs critical for DS-TB treatment.
- Limited information indicates widespread stockouts beyond reported cases.
Impact on TB Elimination Programme
- Uninterrupted drug supply is crucial for National TB Elimination Programme’s (NTEP) DOTS strategy.
- Inadequate treatment regimens fuel drug-resistant TB strains.
Effects on Patients
- Treatment interruption for patients undergoing therapy.
- Increased risk of developing drug resistance.
- Compromised treatment outcomes and additional burden on TB program.
Tuberculosis (TB)
Read more about tuberculosis in the linked article. |
Solutions
Immediate Intervention
- Address reported shortages promptly to ensure uninterrupted drug supply.
- Allocate resources and coordinate efforts to mitigate stockouts.
Enhanced Monitoring and Reporting
- Improve mechanisms for monitoring drug availability and stock levels.
- Encourage community involvement in reporting shortages for timely action.
Long-term Strategy
- Strengthen drug procurement and distribution systems.
- Implement robust inventory management practices to prevent future shortages.
- Invest in local manufacturing capabilities to reduce dependence on imports.
Nut Graf: Shortage of essential anti-TB drugs poses a significant challenge to India’s TB control efforts. Collective action is required to mitigate risks of treatment interruption and drug resistance, safeguarding public health and advancing TB elimination goals.
D. GS 4 Related
Nothing here for today!!!
E. Editorials
Nothing here for today!!!
F. Prelims Facts
1. Chinese forces hit Filipino boat with water cannons
Context: Chinese coast guard ships hit a Philippine supply boat with water cannons in the South China Sea.
- The incident occurred near the disputed Second Thomas Shoal.
- The United States and Japan expressed support for the Philippines and concern over Chinese aggression.
Issues
Escalating Tensions
- Confrontations between Chinese and Philippine vessels near the Second Thomas Shoal.
- Repeat incidents of Chinese coast guard aggression, causing damage and injuries.
Territorial Dispute
- The Second Thomas Shoal has been occupied by the Philippine Navy since 1999.
- Surrounded by Chinese coast guard and suspected militia vessels.
- Tense standoff exacerbates maritime tensions in the region.
Risk of Conflict
- Concerns over escalation into a larger conflict involving China and the United States.
- Potential impact on regional stability and global trade routes.
- Freedom of navigation operations by the U.S. was criticized by China.
Significance
- The incident highlights ongoing territorial disputes and power struggles in the South China Sea.
- Raises concerns about maritime security and the potential for armed conflict.
- The involvement of major powers like the United States and Japan underscores regional geopolitical dynamics.
- Risk to international trade routes underscores the global implications of the dispute.
Solutions
Diplomatic Engagement
- Prioritize diplomatic channels to de-escalate tensions and resolve disputes peacefully.
- Encourage dialogue between China and the Philippines to find mutually acceptable solutions.
Multilateral Cooperation
- Engage regional stakeholders and international organizations to mediate disputes.
- Promote adherence to international law, including the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS).
Conflict Prevention Measures
- Establish communication mechanisms to prevent misunderstandings and miscalculations at sea.
- Implement confidence-building measures to foster trust and cooperation among involved parties.
2. Dispersal out of Africa may have occurred during arid period
Context: Recent study suggests that the dispersal of humans out of Africa may have occurred during an arid period following the Toba super-volcano eruption in Indonesia.
- Contrary to previous beliefs that human migrations occurred during humid periods, the study proposes that arid conditions may have facilitated movement.
Issues
Timing of Human Dispersal
- Dispersal out of Africa less than 100,000 years ago.
- Occurred during the arid period post-Toba super-volcano eruption.
Environmental Context
- Study site in northwest Ethiopia near the Shinfa River.
- Evidence of human presence, tool manufacturing, and animal remains.
- Chemical analysis links the site to the Toba supereruption around 74,000 years ago.
- Oxygen isotopes indicate a particularly arid environment.
Impact on Human Behaviour
- Paradoxical increase in reliance on fish during the arid period.
- Fish were trapped in waterholes due to shrinking rivers in the dry season.
- Adaptive foraging along dry-season waterholes may have facilitated human movement.
- Proposal that arid conditions spurred human migration contrary to previous beliefs.
Out of Africa Theory
- The “Out of Africa” theory, also known as the “Recent African Origin” model, is a widely accepted hypothesis in paleoanthropology that proposes all modern humans (Homo sapiens) originated in Africa.
Significance
- Challenges conventional understanding of human migration patterns.
- Highlights the role of arid conditions in shaping human behaviour and movement.
- Provides insights into the adaptability of early humans in diverse environments.
- Offers implications for understanding human expansion across different climates and habitats.
G. Tidbits
Nothing here for today!!!
H. UPSC Prelims Practice Questions
Q1) Consider the following statements regarding cholesterol and identify the correct ones.
- LDL (Low-Density Lipoprotein) is often referred to as “bad” cholesterol because high levels can lead to plaque buildup in arteries and result in heart disease.
- HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein) is known as “good” cholesterol as it helps remove other forms of cholesterol from the bloodstream.
- Increasing dietary intake of trans fats and saturated fats can significantly raise HDL cholesterol levels.
How many of the above statements are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All the three
- None of the above
CHECK ANSWERS:-
Answer: b
Q2) Consider the following statements about C-DOT:
- C-DOT is implementing the Common Alert Protocol for India.
- C-DOT was established in the 1980s with the primary aim of developing telecommunication technology and solutions for urban India.
Which among the above statements is/are correct?
- 1 only
- 2 only
- Both 1 and 2
- Neither 1 nor 2
CHECK ANSWERS:-
Answer: a
Q3) Consider the following countries:
- Yemen
- Djibouti
- Somalia
- Somaliland
- Ethiopia
- Sudan
How many of the above countries surround the Gulf of Aden?
- Only three
- Only four
- Only five
- All the six
CHECK ANSWERS:-
Answer: b
Q4) Consider the following statements:
- Xenotransplantation is when non-human cells, tissues, or organs are used to treat medical conditions in humans.
- It has been used to transfer vital organs, such as the kidney, heart, or liver, from one animal to a different type of animal.
- Xenotransplantation can also use animal cells or tissues to treat other serious conditions like epilepsy, chronic intractable pain, Huntington’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, type 1 diabetes, and severe burns.
How many of the above statements are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- Only three
- None of the above
CHECK ANSWERS:-
Answer: c
Q5) In India, 'Extended Producer Responsibility' (EPR) was introduced as an important feature in which of the following?
- The Bio-medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998
- The Recycled Plastic (Manufacturing and Usage) Rules, 1999
- The e-Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2011
- The Food Safety and Standard Regulations, 2011
CHECK ANSWERS:-
Answer: c
Click on the link for the video explanation of the above questions and answers.
I. UPSC Mains Practice Questions
- Examine the multifaceted challenges of tuberculosis (TB) control in India, and critically analyze the measures taken by the Government of India to address this public health crisis. (10 marks, 150 words) [GS-3, Science & Technology]
- Considering the multifaceted nature of anaemia as a public health issue in India, critically analyze the existing strategies aimed at combating anaemia among different sections of the population. (10 marks, 150 words) [GS-2, Social Justice]
Read previous CNA articles here.
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