13 September 2023 CNA
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
A. GS 1 Related B. GS 2 Related POLITY 1. Drop the bad idea of simultaneous elections C. GS 3 Related ENVIRONMENT AND DISASTER MANAGEMENT 1. Climate phenomena and food security D. GS 4 Related E. Editorials INTERNAL SECURITY 1. Spotlighting another border point, the ‘rogue channel’ INDIAN POLITY 1. The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita needs a relook F. Prelims Facts G. Tidbits 1. Centre to start Ayushman Bhav health scheme today 2. Nagaland Assembly seeks exemption from UCC ambit H. UPSC Prelims Practice Questions I. UPSC Mains Practice Questions
A. GS 1 Related
Nothing here for today!!!
B. GS 2 Related
1. Drop the bad idea of simultaneous elections
Syllabus: Indian Constitution, Functions and Responsibilities of Union and States, Issues and challenges pertaining to the federal structure.
Mains: Electoral reforms and their impacts
Context
The article discusses the ongoing debate surrounding the idea of holding national and State elections simultaneously in India, popularly known as ‘one nation, one election.’ It highlights the arguments both in favour and against this proposal, delving into the logistical, constitutional, and democratic challenges it poses.
Introduction
- Recent discussions on the possibility of having national and State elections simultaneously.
- Formation of a committee led by former President Ram Nath Kovind to explore implementation and constitutional changes.
- Primary arguments in favour of simultaneous elections: cost reduction and ending the “permanent campaign mode.”
Proponents of Simultaneous Elections
- Arguments for cost reduction and decreased electioneering expenses.
- Potential for politicians to focus on governance and constructive opposition during a five-year period.
Critics’ Perspectives
- Actual financial savings from simultaneous elections are minimal.
- The suggestion is that State elections should primarily involve State party units, leaving national politicians to focus on governance.
- The centralised and presidential nature of Indian election campaigns challenges this suggestion.
Logistical Challenges
- Conducting simultaneous elections in a country of over 1.4 billion people.
- Even State elections require multiple phases due to India’s vastness.
Incompatibility with Parliamentary Democracy
- Central and State elections were simultaneous at Independence but later separated.
- The essence of parliamentary democracy: the government must enjoy the confidence of the House, necessitating elections at different times.
- Proposals for addressing this issue: President’s Rule or term limits for new Assemblies.
Risks and Perverse Incentives
- Possibility of avoiding government falls leading to horse-trading.
- Simultaneous elections may encourage politicians to maintain power at all costs, undermining democratic principles.
- Potential for elections to be held frequently, disrupting governance.
Federalism and Democracy Concerns
- Simultaneous elections risk blurring State-level and national-level issues.
- Federal structure in India serves as a check against power concentration.
- Concentration of power goes against the principles of federalism.
- Reduced scope for public participation and debate in a system where elections are the primary form of participation.
Conclusion
- Administrative benefits of simultaneous elections are overstated.
- The concept carries significant implementation and conceptual costs.
- Risks to the federal and democratic design of the Constitution.
- The idea should not be pursued due to these compelling reasons according to the author.
Nut Graf: The article critically examines the proposition of simultaneous elections in India, highlighting the key arguments in favour, such as cost reduction and governance focus. However, it emphasises that the administrative benefits are overstated, and the proposal presents significant challenges to federalism and democracy, ultimately concluding that it is an idea fraught with risks.
C. GS 3 Related
Category: ENVIRONMENT AND DISASTER MANAGEMENT
1. Climate phenomena and food security
Syllabus: Conservation, Environmental pollution and degradation, Environmental impact assessment. Disaster Management.
Mains: Changing precipitation patterns and their environmental impact, disaster vulnerability and the need for improved forecasting and early warning systems.
Prelims: About the impacts of Climate Change
Context
The article discusses India’s vulnerability to disruptive weather patterns and climate phenomena, emphasising their impact on agriculture, food security, and water resources.
Introduction
- India experiences complex weather and climate phenomena, impacting its precipitation system.
- Recent events like a prolonged Western disturbance and El Niño phase intensification have raised concerns.
Impact on Infrastructure and Life
- The extended Western disturbance caused landslides and flooding in the western Himalayas and northern India.
- The affected area covered 2,124 to 7,362 sq. km with a population of potentially over 25 lakh.
El Niño and its Consequences
- El Niño, a climate-linked warming in the Pacific Ocean, can weaken winter precipitation from the Western disturbance and shift it to intense rain events.
- Its adverse effects on Indian agriculture, including delayed rains and hot temperatures, are of great concern.
Green Water and Food Security
- Indian agriculture depends on both green and blue water.
- Green water, from rain-fed soil moisture, is crucial, especially for rain-fed crops and staple foods.
- Food production, dietary needs, and food security are closely tied to green water.
El Niño’s Impact on Agriculture
- El Niño events can disrupt Indian agriculture, causing declines in crop production, such as soybean.
- The recent warm and dry weather in India raises concerns about El Niño’s effects.
Northeast Monsoon and Rabi Crops
- Reservoirs and groundwater conditions after the southwest monsoon determine water availability for winter crops (rabi crops).
- Northeast monsoons and Western disturbances contribute to water availability.
Central India’s Vulnerability
- Central India’s highlands, crucial for water, food, and ecological security, face significant water stress.
- Water stress affects both urban and rural areas, impacting millions of people.
Changing Precipitation Patterns
- Monsoon precipitation has been declining since the 1950s, with indications of more intense rain events and heat stress.
- Hydrologically incompatible land use and infrastructure worsen disaster vulnerability.
Uncertainty and Future Projections
- Climate models have limitations in simulating precipitation trends, leading to uncertainty.
- Adapting to more frequent intense rain events and heat stress is essential.
Adaptation Strategies
- Reducing dependence on water-intensive crops and promoting crops such as millets can enhance food system resilience.
- Shifting to alternative crop varieties with shorter growing cycles can mitigate risks.
- Improved forecasting, early warning systems, and dam management are vital for disaster prevention.
Society and Governance Response
- Diversifying agro-food systems, sustainable water-sharing, and river rejuvenation are essential.
- Effective governance and societal responses will determine the well-being of India’s population.
Nut Graf: Recent events, including prolonged Western disturbance and El Niño intensification, highlight India’s susceptibility to climate-related challenges, impacting agriculture, water security, and the well-being of its 1.4 billion people.
D. GS 4 Related
Nothing here for today!!!
E. Editorials
1. Spotlighting another border point, the ‘rogue channel’
Syllabus: GS-3, Security Challenges and their Management in Border Areas – Linkages of Organized Crime with Terrorism.
Prelims: Harami Nala, Border Security Force (BSF), Sir Creek area, The Mooring Place project, Chidiya Mod-Barbet Link Road
Mains: BSF’s role in the management of border areas, Threats to Internal Security from the Sir Creek region
Context:Â
- The Union Home Minister visited “Harami Nala” and Border Observation Posts (BOPs) of the Border Security Force (BSF) in the Sir Creek area of Kutch, Gujarat, along the India-Pakistan international border.
- Harami Nala is known for its inhospitable conditions and has been a hotspot for cross-border mischief and exploitation by infiltrators.
Read more on the Sir Creek Issue between India and Pakistan in the link.
About Harami Nala
- Harami Nala is a natural water body approximately 25 kilometres long that flows west to east from Pakistan into Kutch, south of the Vighakot sector.
- The channel is flanked by vast marshy mudflats that are affected by low and high tides.
- About 22 odd kilometres of the channel lie on the Indian side of the “vertical line” of the IB between India and Pakistan, which is not contested.
- Tidal waters surge from the Pakistani side and extend further on the Indian side.
- Chini-Bandh (China Bund) on the Pakistani side prevents tidal waters from inundating areas.
- It is extremely rich in fishing, especially prawns.
- Temperatures reach above 50° Celsius in summer.
- Pakistani fishing boats try to enter the Harami Nala on the Indian side, drawn by the possibilities of better fish catch.
- Marshy terrain makes it impossible to approach or patrol on foot by the Indian security agencies during low tide.Â
- The Indian side is mostly empty over the entire spread of the Harami Nala except for factories producing salt, bromide, and other chemicals.
Efforts being made for improved surveillance in the region?
- The Mooring Place project has an allocated budget of ₹257 crore and will allow for the berthing, repairs, and maintenance of bigger vessels, including floating BOPs, thereby enhancing the BSF’s capabilities in the Creek area. The foundation stone for the same in Kutch was laid.Â
- Inauguration of the newly constructed Chidiya Mod-Barbet Link Road and observation post (OP) Tower in the Harami Nala area.
- The observation post tower is fitted with state-of-the-art high-resolution pan-tilt-zoom cameras, along the “vertical line” of the International Border (IB) with Pakistan, offering real-time visual monitoring and constant vigilance over the regions adjacent to Harami Nala.
- These initiatives are part of the Prime Minister’s vision of a “secure border”.
- The entry point of the Harami Nala on the Indian side was previously difficult to access due to lack of infrastructure, but the procurement of all-terrain vehicles (ATVs) and special scaffolding on the bank of the channel has improved the situation, allowing BSF personnel to more easily launch small patrol boats into the channel.
- Embankments and road infrastructure along the “vertical line” of the IB have enabled new observation posts to come up, allowing for better surveillance and control of infiltration attempts.
Conclusion:Â
- BSF is facing new challenges in the form of drones and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) being used by terrorists and criminals to smuggle weapons and narcotics across the border. The visit by the Home Minister will boost the morale of BSF personnel and demonstrate the government’s commitment to supporting them in their efforts to secure the border.
Nut Graf: The construction of embankments and roads along the “vertical line” of the IB has made it easier for the BSF to monitor and control the movement of people and goods across the border. The recent visit by the Home Minister also highlights the strategic importance of the BSF’s role in securing the India-Pakistan border and the need for continued support and investment in the force’s infrastructure and capabilities.
1. The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita needs a relook
Syllabus: GS-2, Indian Constitution—Historical Underpinnings, Evolution, Features, Amendments, Significant Provisions and Basic Structure.
Prelims: Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA) , Section 124A IPC
Mains: Implications of Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 bill, Criminal Justice Reforms
Context:Â
- The proposed Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 bill aims to reform the criminal justice system in India.Â
- However, there are several areas where further discussions are necessary to ensure consistency, clarity, and effectiveness in addressing various crimes.Â
Critical Analysis of the Provisions
- Sedition:Â
- The bill proposes replacing sedition (Section 124A IPC) with a new offense titled “Acts endangering sovereignty, unity, and integrity of India.”Â
- While this change may appear positive, the definition of “subversive activities” should be explicitly stated to avoid potential misinterpretation and abuse by authorities.Â
- Acts of Terrorism:Â
- The definition of “terrorist act” in the Sanhita has been adapted from the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA) of 1967 but phrases such as ‘to destroy the political, economic, or social structure of the country’ are vague.
- Issues could arise due to the inconsistency with the UAPA in some cases. For example, while terrorist organizations are notified in the First Schedule to the UAPA, ‘terrorist organization’ is also given a specific definition in the sanhita.
- Organized Crime:Â
- A new offense called “organized offense” has been introduced.Â
- However, certain provisions need refinement. For instance, the term “cyber-crimes having severe consequences” lacks specificity, and the criteria for determining what constitutes an “organized crime syndicate” are not clearly defined.Â
- Other inconsistencies include classifying petty organized crime as a non-cognizable offense.
- Community Service: The inclusion of community service as a form of punishment for minor offenses is a welcome step.Â
Way Forward?
- Parliamentary Standing Committee’s Role: To ensure that the Sanhita meets its intended objectives and overcomes the concerns mentioned above, the Parliamentary Standing Committee must play a crucial role in reviewing the bill thoroughly. They should engage with experts, civil society organizations, and other relevant stakeholders to gather feedback and suggestions for improvement.
- Public Consultation: Before finalizing the bill, the government should conduct public consultations to allow citizens to contribute their views and opinions. This exercise would enhance transparency, accountability, and ownership of the legislative process.
- Harmonization with Other Laws: It is essential to harmonize the Sanhita with other laws, such as the UAPA to prevent conflicts and ensure seamless implementation.
Nut Graf: The proposed Nyaya Sanhita represents a significant initiative to revamp the Indian Penal Code but still requires careful consideration and revisions to address some inconsistencies. By doing so, the legislation can effectively promote public safety, protect human rights, and strengthen the rule of law in India.
F. Prelims Facts
Nothing here for today!!!
G. Tidbits
1. Centre to start Ayushman Bhav health scheme today
- The Ayushman Bhav campaign is set to be inaugurated virtually by President Droupadi Murmu at Rashtrapati Bhavan.
- Its primary objective is to extend healthcare services to all villages and towns across India.
- The campaign, led by the Union Health Ministry, seeks to create an all-encompassing nationwide healthcare initiative with universal coverage.
- A significant component of this campaign is the launch of the Ayushman Apke Dwar 3.0 program.
- This program will enable eligible beneficiaries who are enrolled under the PM-JAY scheme to independently download their health cards.
- The initiative represents a critical step towards improving healthcare access and coverage throughout the country.
2. Nagaland Assembly seeks exemption from UCC ambit
- The Nagaland Assembly unanimously passed a resolution led by Chief Minister Neiphiu Rio, seeking complete exemption for the State from the proposed Uniform Civil Code (UCC).
- The Nagaland government and the Naga people believe that the UCC could jeopardise their customary laws, social practices, and religious traditions, potentially leading to encroachment.
- The UCC aims to establish a single law governing personal matters like marriage, divorce, custody, adoption, maintenance, succession, and inheritance, as explained by Chief Minister Neiphiu Rio.
- On July 4, the State government submitted its objections to the 22nd Law Commission, citing the unique historical context of Nagaland, the non-interference policy since pre-independence, and constitutional guarantees under Article 371A.
- During meetings organised by the State government, various tribal organisations and civil societies expressed resentment and objections to the UCC proposal.
- The 22nd Law Commission, established by the Government of India in February 2020 and extended until August 31, 2024, issued a public notice on June 14, 2023, to gather input from stakeholders regarding the implementation of a UCC across India.
- The Nagaland MLAs deliberated on the implications of UCC in the State, and Assembly Speaker Sharingain Longkumer granted permission for the resolution. It was adopted unanimously by voice vote without any amendments.
H. UPSC Prelims Practice Questions
Q1. Consider the following statements about Article 371-A's provisions for Nagaland:
- The Governor has absolute power over law and order in Nagaland.
- The State Legislature Assembly can spend Central government funds for any purpose, even if the funds were provided for a specific purpose.
- Matters related to Naga customary law are under the jurisdiction of the State Legislature Assembly.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
CHECK ANSWERS:-
Answer: a
Explanation: Statements 1 & 2 are incorrect; the Governor has to consult with the Council of Ministers before taking action. Central govt funds cannot be diverted from specific purposes to any other.
Q2. Which of the following statements about the Ayushman Bhav campaign is incorrect?
- It is a comprehensive nationwide healthcare initiative.
- It aims to provide saturation coverage of healthcare services.
- It is being implemented by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.
- It is only aimed at providing healthcare services to urban areas.
CHECK ANSWERS:-
Answer: d
Explanation: It is aimed at providing a comprehensive nationwide healthcare initiative to saturate coverage of healthcare services, reaching every village and town.
Q3. How does the El Niño phenomenon impact rainfed agriculture in India?
- It accelerates the start of rains, improving crop yields.
- It has no significant impact on rainfed agriculture.
- It delays the start of rains and can negatively affect sowing.
- It causes excess rainfall, leading to flooding in agricultural areas.
CHECK ANSWERS:-
Answer: c
Explanation: The El Niño phenomenon affects rainfed agriculture by delaying the start of rains and affecting sowing, in addition to hot temperatures that can negatively influence plant growth and soil moisture.
Q4. With reference to simultaneous elections in India, consider the following statements:
- Simultaneous elections aim to hold Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assembly elections concurrently.
- It will require a constitutional amendment to change the current election cycle.
- One of the key objectives of simultaneous elections is to reduce the frequent disruption of governance due to elections.
How many of the statements given above are incorrect?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
CHECK ANSWERS:-
Answer: d
Explanation: All three statements are correct.
Q5. In the case of Shreya Singhal v. Union of India (2015), what was the Supreme Court's primary reason for declaring Section 66A of the Information Technology Act unconstitutional?
- It violated Article 21 of the Indian Constitution.
- It undermined the authority of law enforcement agencies.
- It violated Article 19(1)(a) by being over-broad and vague.
- It infringed upon the right to privacy.
CHECK ANSWERS:-
Answer: c
Explanation: The Supreme Court held Section 66A unconstitutional primarily because it violated Article 19(1)(a) by being over-broad and vague, causing a chilling effect on free speech.
I. UPSC Mains Practice Questions
- Evaluate the need to have the Bhartiya Nyaya Samhita in place of the Indian Penal Code. (250 words, 15 marks) [GS: II- Polity]
- The problem of food insecurity in India is as much related to economics as it is to climate. Do you agree? Elaborate. (250 words, 15 marks) [GS: III- Environment and Disaster Management]
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