06 Jan 2024: UPSC Exam Comprehensive News Analysis

06 Jan 2024 CNA
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

A. GS 1 Related
B. GS 2 Related
POLITY
1. Indian Secularism
C. GS 3 Related
D. GS 4 Related
E. Editorials
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
1. Anti-microbial resistance
F. Prelims Facts
1. Red Sea Crisis & Piracy: Indian Navy responds
2. National Statistical Office
3. PMI
4. Deep-tech Startups
5. VVPAT
6. Prithvi programme
7. Nepalis in Russia-Ukraine War
G. Tidbits
H. UPSC Prelims Practice Questions
I. UPSC Mains Practice Questions
FIP Magazine

E. Editorials


Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

1. Anti-microbial resistance

Syllabus: GS-3, Developments in Science and Technology

Mains: Anti-microbial resistance

Context:​ The issue of Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) poses a significant threat to global public health, undermining the advances made in medicine. The prophylactic use of antibiotics, as highlighted in the ‘First Multicentric Point Prevalence Survey of Antibiotic Use at 20 NAC-NET Sites India 2021-22,’ raises concerns about the escalating rates of AMR.

Alarming Statistics from Antibiotic Use Survey

  • Overprescription in Tertiary-Care Hospitals: More than 70% of patients in tertiary-care hospitals across 15 States and two Union Territories were prescribed antibiotics.
  • Potential for AMR: Over 50% of the prescribed antibiotics have the potential to cause Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR).
  • Preventive Prescription Practices: 55% of patients were prescribed antibiotics as prophylaxis, while only 45% received antibiotics for treating infections, with a mere 6% based on specific bacterial identification.

Understanding Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)

  • Pathogen Evolution: AMR occurs as pathogens evolve and become resistant to antimicrobial drugs.
  • Contributing Factors: Unsound medical practices and misuse of antimicrobials in medical and animal husbandry exacerbate the development of drug-resistant pathogens.
  • Global Impact: According to the World Health Organization (WHO), bacterial AMR directly caused 1.27 million global deaths in 2019 and contributed to 4.95 million deaths.

Urgent Measures Required

  • Rational Prescription Practices: Infectious disease specialists and critical-care experts emphasize the need for rational prescription of antibiotics.
  • Curbing Unnecessary Use: Strict regulations on the use of drugs to promote growth in animals and plants are essential.
  • Research and Development Crisis: Acknowledging the antibiotic research and development pipeline crisis, urgent measures are required to develop new drug candidates.
  • Equitable Access: Ensuring more equitable access to new antibiotics is crucial in the fight against AMR.

Role of Stakeholders

  • Government Regulation: The government plays a crucial role in regulating the use of antimicrobials and implementing policies to address AMR.
  • Doctor’s Responsibility: Healthcare professionals, especially doctors, must adhere to rational prescription practices.
  • Patient Awareness: Patients need to be educated about the consequences of demanding immediate relief and the importance of following prescribed treatment plans.

Issues

  • Overprescription and misuse of antibiotics leading to AMR.
  • Lack of awareness among healthcare professionals and the general public about the consequences of AMR.
  • Inadequate research and development efforts to combat the crisis.

Way Forward

  • Strict regulations on antimicrobial use.
  • Promotion of rational prescription practices among healthcare professionals.
  • Curbing unnecessary use of antibiotics in animal husbandry and agriculture.
  • Urgent research and development initiatives for new antibiotics.
  • Public awareness campaigns on the consequences of AMR.

Nut Graf: Addressing the menace of Antimicrobial Resistance is crucial to preserving the efficacy of medical treatments and maintaining global public health.

F. Prelims Facts

2. National Statistical Office

Context: The National Statistical Office (NSO) has released the first advance estimates of India’s national income for the fiscal year 2023-24. However, concerns arise as the estimates indicate a potential slowdown in Gross Value Added (GVA) growth and a decline in consumption expenditure.

GDP Growth Estimates

  • Positive Outlook: The NSO anticipates a 7.3% GDP growth for 2023-24, marginally higher than the 7.2% recorded in the previous year.
  • First-Half Performance: The first half of the fiscal year witnessed a robust GDP growth of 7.7%, setting a positive tone for the year.
  • Second-Half Projection: The advance estimates suggest a second-half growth ranging between 6.9% and 7%.

Gross Value Added (GVA) and Nominal GDP

  • GVA Growth Expectation: The NSO predicts a slight easing in GVA growth from 7% in the previous year to 6.9% in the current fiscal.
  • Nominal GDP Projection: The estimated nominal GDP growth stands at 8.9%, notably lower than the Budget estimate of 10.5%.

Concerns and Caution

  • Potential Fiscal Deficit: Economists caution that the lower-than-expected nominal GDP growth could lead to the fiscal deficit breaching the targeted 5.9% of GDP, reaching around 6%.
  • Sectoral Slowdown: GVA growth in critical sectors like agriculture and services is expected to decline, posing challenges to overall economic performance.
  • Consumption and Private Final Consumption Expenditure (PFCE)
  • Weak Consumption Growth: The GDP data reveals a concerning aspect with consumption growth at 4.4%, the slowest in two decades, excluding the pandemic year.
  • PFCE Share Decline: The NSO projects a drop in the share of private final consumption expenditure in GDP from 58.5% in 2022-23 to 56.9% in the current fiscal.

Issues

  • Slowdown in Gross Value Added (GVA) growth across sectors.
  • Concerns about the fiscal deficit breaching the targeted limit.
  • Weak consumption growth, indicating challenges in economic recovery.

3. PMI

Context: The services sector in India demonstrated a noteworthy rebound in December, marking the highest growth in three months, according to the HSBC India Services Purchasing Managers’ Index (PMI). The index rose to 59 from 56.9 in November, reflecting accelerated new business and output. This surge indicates positive momentum in the services industry, a crucial component of India’s economic landscape.

Positive Indicators

  • Rising Business Activity: The HSBC India Services PMI highlights a robust rebound in business activity in December, with accelerated growth in both new business and output.
  • Continuous Job Growth: The services sector witnessed an extension of the trend, as new jobs continued to rise for the 19th consecutive month. This hiring trend, albeit slightly stronger than in November, included both part-time and full-time positions.
  • Export Orders: While fresh export orders grew, the pace was the slowest since June 2023. Notably, demand originated from regions such as Australia, Canada, Europe, West Asia, and South America.

Business Environment

  • Optimism Levels: Business optimism levels improved from November, indicating a positive outlook for the services sector in the coming months.
  • Input Costs: The pace of the rise in input costs reached a 40-month low, reflecting a softening trend since mid-2023. Firms, however, continued to pass on cost burdens to clients, with output charges rising faster than input cost inflation and surpassing the long-run average.

Quarterly Performance

  • Quarterly Average: Despite the December rebound, the October to December 2023 quarter recorded the lowest quarterly average since the January-March 2023 quarter. This is attributed to weaker index levels in October and November.
  • Outstanding Business Volumes: Outstanding business volumes experienced a slight increase in December compared to November, marking the fastest uptick in four months.

Issues

  • Slowdown in export order growth, although at the slowest pace since June 2023.
  • Lowest quarterly average in business activity for the October to December 2023 quarter.

4. Deep-tech Startups

Context: The Indian government is poised to present a new deep tech policy to the Union Cabinet for approval. The draft policy, unveiled in July 2023 and subsequently refined based on industry feedback, aims to address challenges and foster growth in the deep tech sector. 

Overview of the Deep Tech Policy

  • Draft Release and Industry Feedback: The government released the draft of the deep tech policy in July 2023, seeking public input. Following feedback from industry stakeholders, a final version is now ready for Cabinet approval.
  • Definition of Deep Tech: While lacking a precise definition, deep tech start-ups are broadly characterized by the development of intellectual property with significant potential impact, grounded in new scientific breakthroughs.

Current Landscape and Concerns

  • Deep Tech Start-up Landscape: The draft policy references the Startup India database, indicating 10,298 recognized start-ups classified within the deep tech space as of May 2023.
  • Percentage of Deep Tech Start-ups: Only around 10% of current start-ups fall under the deep tech category. This highlights a need for increased efforts and support to nurture and grow deep tech ventures.

Focus Areas and Strategies

  • DSIR’s Role in Technology Transfer: The Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR), affiliated with the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), will concentrate on transferring technology to medium and small-scale industries.
  • CSIR’s Target on Large Industries: CSIR aims to target technology transfer to large industries.
  • NRDC’s Emphasis on Start-ups: The National Research and Development Corporation (NRDC), another CSIR entity, will specifically focus on supporting and fostering start-ups in the deep tech domain.

5. VVPAT

Context: The Election Commission (EC) has responded to concerns raised by some political leaders regarding Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs) and Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail (VVPAT). The EC dismissed the concerns, asserting its full faith in the use of EVMs in elections and stating that there were no new assertions requiring further clarification.

Election Commission’s Response

  • Rejection of Concerns: The EC has dismissed the concerns raised by the leaders, emphasizing that there are no new assertions or legitimate doubts that require additional clarification.
  • Faith in EVMs: The poll body affirmed its confidence in the use of EVMs, citing the legal framework, established jurisprudence, technical security, and administrative safeguards as grounds for trust in the electoral process.
  • Introduction of VVPAT Rules: The EC highlighted that the rules governing paper slips in VVPAT were introduced on August 14, 2013.

6. Prithvi programme

Context: The Union Cabinet has granted approval for the ‘Prithvi’ programme, a significant initiative with a budget of ₹4,797 crore. This program is designed to consolidate five existing schemes under the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES). 

Objectives of the ‘Prithvi’ Programme

  • Long-term Observations: The program aims to improve and expand observations of the atmosphere, ocean, geosphere, cryosphere, and solid earth to monitor changes in the planet over the long term.
  • Model Development: It seeks to develop models for understanding and predicting weather, ocean conditions, and climate hazards.
  • Exploration of Earth’s Regions: The program focuses on exploring polar and high-seas regions to discover new phenomena and resources.
  • Technology Development: ‘Prithvi’ aims to develop technology for exploring and sustainably harnessing oceanic resources for societal applications.
  • Translation of Knowledge: It intends to translate insights from earth system science into services for societal, environmental, and economic benefits.

Integration with Deep Ocean Mission (DOM)

  • Significance of DOM: The ‘Prithvi’ programme includes the Deep Ocean Mission (DOM), a significant component of the Ministry. One of DOM’s objectives is to deploy a manned submersible 6,000 meters into the Indian Ocean.
  • Broad Subsumption: The Secretary of MoES states that the Prithvi programme broadly subsumes all major activities, showcasing its comprehensive nature.

7. Nepalis in Russia-Ukraine War

Context: Nepal has taken a significant step by prohibiting its citizens from seeking employment in Russia or Ukraine due to concerns over their involvement in the ongoing conflict. The decision, prompted by reports of Nepalese nationals serving in the Russian Army and facing casualties, reflects the government’s commitment to safeguard its citizens and address potential security issues.

Ban on Employment in Russia and Ukraine

  • Government Action: The Department of Employment in Nepal has issued a notice, imposing a ban on Nepali citizens from seeking employment in Russia or Ukraine.
  • Reasons Cited: The ban is a response to reports indicating that Nepalese nationals have been recruited by the Russian Army to participate in the conflict in Ukraine.
  • Investigation: The government is actively investigating the matter, emphasizing its commitment to verifying the reported involvement of Nepalese citizens in the conflict.

Reported Casualties and Captures

  • Losses in the Russian Army: The notice highlights the loss of Nepalese nationals serving in the Russian Army, with at least 10 reported casualties.
  • Captures by Ukraine: Four Nepali citizens have reportedly been captured by the Ukrainian side.

Unconfirmed Nepali Involvement on the Ukrainian Side

  • Speculations of Nepali Fighters: There are unconfirmed speculations about some Nepalis fighting as hired soldiers on the Ukrainian side.
  • Government’s Position: The government has not officially confirmed this aspect, indicating the need for further investigation or clarification.

Issues

  • Recruitment by Foreign Armies: The involvement of Nepalese citizens in the Russian Army for conflict engagement raises concerns about the recruitment practices and potential risks they face.
  • Unconfirmed Nepali Fighters: Speculations about Nepali citizens participating as hired soldiers on the Ukrainian side add complexity to the situation, requiring thorough investigation.

G. Tidbits

Nothing here for today!!!

H. UPSC Prelims Practice Questions

Q1. Consider the following statements:
  1. India holds the position of the third-largest fish producer globally and the second-largest in aquaculture.
  2. The “Sagar Parikrama” initiative seeks to address the concerns of fishermen and various stakeholders.
  3. In the realm of fish production across the country, Maharashtra holds the seventh position, contributing approximately 5% to the overall share.

How many of the above statements is/are correct?

  1. Only one
  2. Only two
  3. All three
  4. None
CHECK ANSWERS:-

Answer: c

Explanation:

  • Fisheries Sector in India- India is the third-largest global producer of fish and the second-largest in aquaculture. Significance of the Blue Revolution – Fisheries and Aquaculture sector. The “Sagar Parikrama” initiative embarks on a transformative sea journey along the coastal belt, symbolizing solidarity with fishermen, fish farmers, and stakeholders, in celebration of the 75th Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav.
  • In March 2022, from Mandvi, Gujarat, the “Sagar Parikrama” journey unfolded under the theme “KRANTI se SHANTI.” Maharashtra – 720 km coastline, ranks seventh nationally, contributing approximately 5% to the country’s fish production. Fish holds paramount importance in the diet of over 90% of Goa’s population, representing an integral aspect of Goan life and culture.
  • With an annual average per capita fish consumption of 15-17 kg, the marine fishery sector in Goa provides livelihoods for a significant portion of the population.
Q2. Consider the following statements:
  1. Plasma Waves frequently manifest within the Earth’s magnetosphere.
  2. Unlike Earth, Mars lacks an intrinsic magnetic field.

Which of the above statements is/are incorrect?

  1. 1 only
  2. 2 only
  3. Both 1 and 2
  4. Neither 1 nor 2
CHECK ANSWERS:-

Answer: d

Explanation:

  • Plasma waves frequently manifest within the Earth’s magnetosphere, a magnetic field enclosure encircling the planet. Generally, these waves are recognized as brief fluctuations in electric and magnetic fields. These plasma waves play a crucial role in both the energization and transportation of charged particles within the Earth’s magnetosphere.
  • Specific waves, such as electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves, function as a cleansing mechanism for the Earth’s radiation belt, a potential threat to our satellites.
  • Unlike Earth, Mars lacks an intrinsic magnetic field. Consequently, the high-speed solar wind from the Sun directly interacts with the Martian atmosphere. Plasma waves, a category of electromagnetic waves, travel through plasma in a distinct state of matter. Over 99% of the observable matter in the universe exists in the form of plasma.
  • Elements such as our Sun, solar wind, the interplanetary medium, the near-Earth region, the magnetosphere, and the upper layers of our atmosphere all predominantly comprise plasma.
Q3. Consider the following statements regarding the Bhitarkanika National Park:
  1. It boasts of having one of India’s most significant populations of critically endangered gharial crocodiles.
  2. Situated along the park’s western boundary, Gahirmatha Beach stands as the largest colony of Olive Ridley Sea Turtles.

Which of the above statements is/are correct?

  1. 1 only
  2. 2 only
  3. Both 1 and 2
  4. Neither 1 nor 2
CHECK ANSWERS:-

Answer: d

Explanation:

  • Bhitarkanika National Park – 672 square kilometres in Odisha stands as the second-largest mangrove ecosystem in India. Due to its proximity to the Bay of Bengal, the soil in the area is enriched with salts, fostering vegetation and species typically found in tropical and subtropical intertidal regions. It is a crucial breeding ground for the endangered Saltwater Crocodiles. It is a habitat for eight varieties of Kingfisher birds, a rarity that adds to the park’s unique biodiversity. Along the eastern boundary of the sanctuary lies Gahirmatha Beach, hosting the largest colony of Olive Ridley Sea Turtles.
Q4. Consider the following statements with respect to the ‘Prithvi Vigyan’ 
initiative:
  1. It includes exploration of polar and high seas regions of the earth towards the discovery of new phenomena and resources.
  2. It aims to strengthen the continuous monitoring of the Earth’s atmosphere.
  3. It is a comprehensive scheme by the Ministry of Earth Sciences & spans from 2021-26.

How many of the above statements is/are incorrect?

  1. Only one
  2. Only two
  3. All three
  4. None
CHECK ANSWERS:-

Answer: d

Explanation:

  • The Indian government has initiated the ambitious PRITHVI (PRITHvi VIgyan) program, a comprehensive scheme by the Ministry of Earth Sciences. With a substantial budget of Rs. 4,797 crore, this initiative spans from 2021-26, ushering in a new era in Earth sciences study and understanding in India.
  • Objectives – Long-Term Observations: Strengthening continuous monitoring of the Earth’s atmosphere, oceans, geosphere, cryosphere, and solid earth to track and document crucial changes.
  • Model Development: Creating advanced models to enhance the forecasting of weather, oceanic, and climatic hazards, deepening the understanding of climate change.
  • Polar and Oceanic Exploration: Exploring the uncharted polar regions and high seas to uncover new phenomena and resources.
  • Technology Advancement: Innovating technologies for the sustainable exploitation of oceanic resources, benefiting society.
  • Knowledge Translation: Translating scientific insights into practical services for societal, environmental, and economic advantages.
Q5. Consider the following statements: [UPSC 2023]
  1. In Biodiversity the India, Management Committees are key to the realization of the objectives of the Nagoya Protocol.
  2. The Biodiversity Management Committees have important functions in determining access and benefit sharing, including the power to levy collection fees on the access of biological resources within its jurisdiction.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

  1. 1 only
  2. 2 only
  3. Both 1 and 2
  4. Neither 1 nor 2
CHECK ANSWERS:-

Answer: c

Explanation:

  • Statement 1 is correct: The Nagoya Protocol is a legal framework for the implementation of one of the objectives of the Convention on Biological Diversity, which is the fair & equitable sharing of benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources. The protocol was adopted in 2010 in Nagoya, Japan. It entered into force in October 2014. In alignment with the Biological Diversity Act of 2002, each local body within the State is mandated to establish a Biodiversity Management Committee (BMC) in its jurisdiction. The BMC’s role is to promote conservation, sustainable use, and documentation of biological diversity. Essentially, in India, BMCs act as the implementing agency for the objectives outlined in the Nagoya Protocol.
  • Statement 2 is correct: The Biological Diversity Act empowers BMCs with the independent authority to levy collection fees on those gathering biological resources within their territorial jurisdiction. This capability enables BMCs to generate their own financial resources, which can then be utilized to fulfil the objectives laid out in the Act.

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