CNA 09 Jan 2022:- Download PDF Here
TABLE OF CONTENTS
A. GS 1 Related B. GS 2 Related HEALTH 1. Omicron epidemic: third wave or new pandemic? INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 1. The ‘old man’ and the unrest 2. Maldives inks key deals with China C. GS 3 Related D. GS 4 Related E. Editorials SOCIAL ISSUES 1. Can online bullying of women be punished? ECONOMY 1. The Devas arbitration HEALTH 1. What’s the roadmap for vaccinating teenagers? 2. Does data support booster dose of same vaccine? F. Prelims Facts 1. A ‘village of books’ in all Maharashtra districts 2. Gharials to return to Orang National Park G. Tidbits H. UPSC Prelims Practice Questions I. UPSC Mains Practice Questions
A. GS 1 Related
Nothing here for today!!!
B. GS 2 Related
1. Omicron epidemic: third wave or new pandemic?
Syllabus: Issues relating to development and management of Social Sector/Services relating to Health.
Mains: Omicron – Variant of Concern (VOC); Significant Aspects of the Omicron Epidemic.
Prelims: What is Omicron? What is Variant of Concern (VOC)?
Context: This article examines the concerns associated with the Omicron Epidemic.
What is Omicron?
Omicron is a new coronavirus variant B 1.1. 529, identified in Southern Africa which has been categorized as a SARS-CoV-2 “variant of concern” by the World Health Organization (WHO).
Know More About Omicron – Variant of Concern (VOC)
Concerns why Omicron is considered an epidemic by experts?
- Influenza pandemic
- When the H1N1 pandemic of 1918 was still circulating as endemic/seasonal, the 1957 pandemic owing to a subtype H2N2 arose.
- The second pandemic began in 1968 with the H3N2 subtype, which superseded H2N2 owing to cross-immunity.
- The 2009 pandemic was caused by a novel H1N1 strain containing genes taken from swine influenza.
- Mutational changes
- Coronavirus mutations have resulted in a variety of changes in virus-host cell interactions.
- The primary cell entrance procedure is used in all preceding variations.
- Coronaviruses enter cells in two ways: the major one involves fusing the viral envelope to the cell membrane, and the minor one involves fusing the virus envelope to endosomes in the cytoplasm.
- Immunity evasion
- Omicron has a proclivity towards evading immunity. Virus neutralizing antibodies generated by infection with any of the previous versions or any of the vaccinations are ineffective against Omicron illness.
- However, higher antibody levels achieved by a booster dosage have been shown to provide a high level of protection against serious illness needing hospitalization everywhere over the world.
Know about More About Omicron – New Covid Concern
Way Forward: –
Omicron being more transmissible than Delta, experts speculate:
- In 2022, both Delta and Omicron might co-circulate
- We may need vaccines against all variants of SARS-CoV-2 as well as against Omicron and its future variants if any.
Category: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
1. The ‘old man’ and the unrest
Syllabus: Effect of policies and politics of developed and developing countries on India’s interests, Indian diaspora.
Mains: Crisis in Kazakhstan; Implications on India.
Context: – This article critically evaluates the reasons behind the Kazakhstan Crisis and its ; Implications on South Asia and India.
Why there is Crisis in Kazakhstan?
- Thousands of protesters have taken to the streets throughout Kazakhstan’s towns to demonstrate against increased LPG and fuel costs.
- In reaction, the administration resigned, indicating a political and national crisis in the region’s major economy.
- Following recent violent protests in Kazakhstan, the government has resigned and troops from a Russian-led military coalition have arrived in the country.
Significance of Kazakhstan
- Kazakhstan is Central Asia’s largest economy, with Russia to its north and China to its east.
- Kazakhstan, a member of the OPEC Plus group, is one of the world’s largest oil and gas producers.
- Last year, it produced over 2% of the world’s total daily consumption.
- Kazakhstan is also rich in coal and uranium, accounting for around 40% of the world’s uranium supply.
Source: https://www.mapsofworld.com/
Russian Angle in Kazakhstan Crisis:
- Kazakhstan is a member of the Collective Security Treaty Organization, which is governed by Moscow (CSTO).
- Kazakhstan has a sizable ethnic Russian minority, which makes up around 20% of the population of the former Soviet country.
- The Baikonur Cosmodrome in southern Kazakhstan serves as the launch pad for all Russian-manned space missions.
- Kazakhstan has appealed to the countries of the CSTO for assistance in restoring order in the nation. This is the second time in two years that Russia has intervened in nations where there have been social protests.
Implications of Kazakhstan Crisis:
- Implications on Central Asia: –
- The Kazakhstan crisis will have an influence on regional stability. Countries may choose to become even more autocratic, resulting in issues such as violence, chaos, and mayhem. They would, on the other side, become more dictatorial.
- Kazakhstan is particularly important to the United States since it has become a major source of energy for the country.
- The participation of the Collective Security Treaty Organization has the potential to have far-reaching geopolitical implications in the area.
- Implications on South Asia and India: –
- South Asia is home to a considerable number of terrorist organisations’ sleeper cells. If terrorist organisations cause troubles and instability in Central Asia, it’s probable that their effects may be seen in South Asia as well.
- Increased radicalization and fundamentalism in these nations, in particular, might have a significant influence on the situation in South Asia.
- Kazakhstan is bordered by China, which is one of Kazakhstan’s neighbours. China condemns any attempt to undermine Kazakhstan’s stability by endangering its security or jeopardizing Kazakhs’ peaceful lives.
- In the midst of the tumultuous situation in Afghanistan, Kazakhstan has emphasised the need of strengthening his country’s military capabilities against foreign threats.
- Kazakhstan’s unrest has once again highlighted the vulnerabilities of the strongman leaders that the Kremlin has entrusted with maintaining order. It has also given Russia another chance to regain its influence in its old Soviet realm.
- The incidents suggest that authoritarian leadership in a nearby nation may face another threat.
Way Forward
The current political, strategic, and economic environment, both regionally and globally, offers India and Kazakhstan with enormous opportunities to qualitatively and quantitatively improve their relationship and take it to new heights.
2. Maldives inks key deals with China
Syllabus: Effect of policies and politics of developed and developing countries on India’s interests, Indian diaspora.
Mains: Bilateral agreements between Maldives and China.
Context:
Maldives and China signed key bilateral agreements on developing and maintaining infrastructure in the Indian Ocean archipelago.
About the Agreement:
- Maldives and China signed an agreement of ‘Economic and Technical Cooperation’ on grant aid, focusing on social, livelihood, and infrastructure projects.
- The agreement aims at developing and maintaining infrastructure in the Indian Ocean archipelago.
- It also agreed on a visa-free travel arrangement for Maldivians intending to travel to China.
China-Maldives Relations: –
- China has been an important partner in the socio-economic development of the Maldives.
- It has contributed immensely towards social housing, capacity building, infrastructure development, and tourism in Maldives.
- The bridge is considered China’s flagship project in the Maldives.
- China also agreed to back a sea-water desalination project and cooperate in the health sector.
Consequences of the Agreement for India:
- Maldives-China relations will be watched closely by India, which has maintained frequent contact with the Solih government that openly pursues an ‘India First’ foreign policy.
- The agreement coincides with a growing ‘India Out’ campaign among sections within the Maldives that oppose “Indian military presence” in the country.
- The ‘India Out’ campaign has more recently intensified whose conviction in a money laundering case was recently overturned by the Supreme Court.
C. GS 3 Related
Nothing here for today!!!
D. GS 4 Related
Nothing here for today!!!
E. Editorials
1. Can online bullying of women be punished?
Syllabus: Laws constituted for the protection and betterment of the vulnerable sections.
Mains: Violence against women and its associated legal provisions
Context:
Recently an open-source app, Bulli Bai, hosted on the web platform GitHub for “auctioning women” from a particular community has made headlines. Similarly, another application Sulli Deals had created profiles of around 80 women, describing them as “deals of the day” in the recent past. Police in Mumbai and Delhi have registered cases in this regard.
Bullying
- According to the National Centre Against Bullying, “Bullying is an ongoing and deliberate misuse of power in relationships through repeated verbal, physical and/or social behaviour that intends to cause physical, social and/or psychological harm”.
- Bullying can take place in person or online, through digital platforms and devices. Bullying behaviour is repeated, or has the potential to be repeated, over time.
- It can involve an individual or a group misusing their power, or perceived power, over one or more persons who feel unable to stop it from happening.
Cyberbullying
Cyberbullying is bullying with the use of digital technologies. It can take place on social media, messaging platforms, gaming platforms and mobile phones. It is repeated behaviour, aimed at scaring, angering or shaming those who are targeted.
Legal Provisions
- Section 153A of IPC – “Promotion of enmity between different groups on grounds of religion, race, place of birth, residence, language, etc., and doing acts prejudicial to maintenance of harmony”, is a punishable offence and attracts three years of imprisonment.
- Section 153B of IPC – Safeguards the interests of the “class of persons” and the “national integration” by providing punishment against imputations and assertions prejudicial to national integration.
- Section 295A of IPC – Allows punishing of any deliberate and malicious actions that are intended to insult the region or religious beliefs of a certain class of people.
- Section 354D of IPC – Provides that any man who monitors the use of the internet, email or any other form of electronic communication with malintent, by a woman, commits the offence of stalking. The punishment may extend upto five years of imprisonment.
- Section 500 of IPC – Provides punishment for defamation. Whoever defames another shall be punished with simple imprisonment for a term which may extend to two years, or with fine, or with both.
- Section 509 of IPC – Addresses the offence of word, gesture or act intended to insult the modesty of a woman.
- Section 67 of the IT Act – Provides punishment against publishing or transmitting obscene material in electronic form. The first conviction attracts imprisonment up to three years and the subsequent convictions may lead to imprisonment up to five years.
- Section 66E of the IT Act – Punishes acts that violate privacy, i.e. acts of intentionally or knowingly capturing, publishing or transmitting the images of any person without his or her consent.
- Section 354A, 354B, 354C and 354D of IPC – Criminalizes sexual harassment, use of criminal force, voyeurism and stalking against women respectively.
Way Forward
- Prompt reporting and registration of the cases need to be done.
- Increasing awareness about cyber safety and security such that girls and women can take necessary precautions.
- Schools, colleges, universities and communities must take an active role in spreading awareness.
- The Social media intermediaries are to be involved and should be encouraged to inform their users not to host, display, upload, modify, publish, transmit, store, update or share any illegal information.
- International cooperation has to be pursued to tackle the cybercrime taking place from outside the country.
- Better infrastructure, special cyber cells, regular training, and collaboration with cyber experts need to be facilitated to help the police.
- The capabilities of the forensic laboratories should be strengthened to facilitate the timely collection of evidence of cyberbullying.
- A speedy and fast trail of cybercrimes would also help instill trust in the public.
Syllabus: Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization, of resources, growth, development and employment.
Mains: Background and latest developments in Antrix-Devas deal.
Context
Shareholders of Devas have claimed that they have won an arbitration award order allowing the seizure of $30 million worth of properties of Air India and the Airports Authority of India after a Canadian court’s order.
Background
- In 2005, a Bengaluru-based telecommunications company Devas Multimedia signed a contract with Antrix, a commercial arm of ISRO, under which Antrix would build and launch two ISRO satellites and lease the corresponding S-band satellite spectrum to Devas to use it to provide its Internet services.
- In 2011, following the reports of irregularities in the deal, including financial mismanagement and violation of standard operating procedures (SOPs), the then Government scrapped the deal.
- However, the final CAG report on the issue and a number of other probes did not reveal any evidence of irregularities.
- Questions have been raised about the calculation of losses by the CAG in the Antrix-Devas deal as it compared satellite spectrum with telecom spectrum.
Antrix Corporation Limited (ACL)
- Antrix Corporation Limited was incorporated as a private limited company owned by the Government of India in September 1992.
- ACL is a Marketing arm of ISRO for promotion and commercial exploitation of space products, technical consultancy services and transfer of technologies developed by ISRO.
- Vision: To maximize the commercial potential of the Indian Space Programme by creating a robust space eco-system in India.
- The major objective of ACL is to facilitate the development of space-related industrial capabilities in India.
Recent Developments
- After the cancellation of the Devas-Antrix deal in 2011, Devas and its shareholders have won three arbitration awards at international tribunals.
- First In 2015, the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) Tribunal, seated in New Delhi, awarded Devas $562.5 million in damages plus 18% interest per annum.
- Second, Shareholders of a Devas arm in Mauritius moved the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) against India, alleging violation of the obligation to protect their interest as guaranteed under the India-Mauritius Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT).
- In 2016, The PCA Tribunal, seated at The Hague, held India liable for breaching its obligations and awarded Devas shareholders U.S. $111 million-plus interest as compensation.
- Third, arbitration by one of the other shareholders of Devas, Deutsche Telekom (DT), under the India-Germany Bilateral Investment Treaty at the PCA, won DT more than $132 million-plus interest.
India’s Response
- India has not yet paid the award price and has challenged the awards multiple times.
- Antrix has filed a petition to set aside the ICC award which is currently under adjudication before the Delhi High Court.
- In January 2021, post a plea from Antrix, the National Company Law Tribunal ordered the closedown of Devas on grounds of being fraudulent.
- The NCLAT has also held the Antrix-Devas agreement to be illegal.
- The Supreme Court of India has heard the Devas ex-management and others concerned at length in its appeal and its order is awaited.
Current status
- Quebec court in Canada had ordered the seizure of amounts collected by the International Air Transport Association (IATA) on behalf of Air India and AAI.
- This is the latest attempt by Devas shareholders to enforce the arbitration awards it won at international tribunals after India cancelled the Devas-Antrix deal in 2011.
- So far, Devas has moved to seize U.S. $17.3 million of ticketing fees collected on behalf of Air India and U.S. $12.76 million of air navigation and aerodrome charges international airlines owe to AAI.
- Air India and AAI have sought to quash the seizure order and the court has reserved its decision.
- Devas said that in 2020 the current government of India agreed to negotiate and come to a financial settlement, but later moved away from it and said until India returns to the negotiations, it has no alternative but to move against India’s assets globally.
- Devas’s actions to seize Air India assets are unlikely to disrupt the transfer of the airline to Tata Sons, as Tata group has been granted indemnity from past legal claims in the agreement.
1. What’s the roadmap for vaccinating teenagers?
Syllabus: Issues relating to development and management of Social Sector/Services relating to Health, Education, Human Resources.
Mains: Details of the vaccination drive against COVID virus for children.
Context
In view of surging global cases triggered by the Omicron variant, the Union Government decided to extend vaccination coverage to the adolescent group i.e. children aged between 15 and 17 years.
Details
- The decision has been taken based on the recommendations of the COVID-19 Working Group of National Technical Advisory Group on Immunization (NTAGI) and Standing Technical Scientific Committee.
- All those born in the year 2007 or before, are now eligible for COVID vaccination.
- Those between the age bracket 15-17 years will be given Covaxin shots.
- As per figures on the CoWIN portal, 30.8% of those in the 15-17 age group have received their first dose, as on Jan 8, 2022.
The need for Vaccination of Children
- Questions about the need for vaccinating children have been raised by the World Health Organization (WHO), indicating that children are relatively safe from COVID-19 and that the disease did not affect them as severely as it affected adults.
- But, according to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention of the US, nearly 2 million cases of COVID-19 were seen within the age group of 5-11 years during the pandemic.
- As of mid-October 2021, children aged 5 to 11 years have experienced more than 8,300 COVID-19 related hospitalizations and nearly 100 deaths from COVID-19.
- In fact, COVID-19 is ranked as one of the top 10 causes of death for children ages 5 through 11 years.
- As the schools have reopened post the pandemic, COVID-19 vaccination is required to prevent children from getting and spreading the virus.
- Vaccination could prevent children from becoming severely ill or experiencing complications.
- Children with other health conditions, such as obesity, diabetes and asthma, might be at higher risk of serious illness with COVID-19. Hence vaccination becomes important.
Concerns of Side Effects of Vaccines
- Reports have surfaced telling that certain immunisation centers are recommending taking three paracetamol 500 mg tablets to be taken along with Covaxin for children.
- Bharat Biotech issued a statement discouraging children from taking paracetamol to counter the side effects of the vaccine.
- As with adults, post vaccination side effects in adolescents reported so far included fever, headache, body ache and heaviness or pain in the injected arm.
- Major adverse effects following immunisation have not been recorded so far.
- The company further added that clinical trials spanning 30,000 individuals had been done and approximately 10-20% of individuals report side effects, most of them being mild and not requiring medication.
- The experts have urged the Government to carefully monitor all adverse events following immunisation, and report them on a database.
Conclusion
Experts have suggested that to fight the virus that is undergoing mutation very frequently, universal vaccination is very key and in this regard suggest to proceed with vaccinating lower age groups, if it is safe and reasonably efficacious in the 15- year-olds.
2. Does data support booster dose of same vaccine?
Syllabus: Issues relating to development and management of Social Sector/Services relating to Health, Education, Human Resources.
Mains: Examining the evidence for a homologous booster dose of vaccination.
Context
The Prime Minister has recently announced that healthcare workers, frontline warriors, and those above 60 with comorbidities will be eligible for a third booster dose from January 10th, 2022.
Read more about Booster dose of Vaccination.
Details
- The Government announced that all eligible individuals will receive a homologous precautionary dose (booster dose) i.e. the same vaccine as used in the primary vaccination will be given as the third dose.
- The Government has made it clear that no mix and match of vaccines will be done, which is scientifically called heterologous boosting.
Evidence for Booster Dose?
- Studies undertaken on vaccines administered globally provide enough evidence of declining vaccine effectiveness against infection of symptomatic and severe disease.
- The prime objective of COVID-19 vaccines is to prevent severe disease and death after full vaccination.
- Based on a report, the World Health Organization (WHO) said,
- After full vaccination, the vaccine effectiveness of four vaccines namely AstraZeneca, Pfizer, Moderna and Johnson & Johnson has decreased by about 8% against severe COVID-19 over a period of six months.
- In adults above 50 years, vaccine effectiveness against severe disease decreased by about 10% over the same period.
- After two doses, the vaccine effectiveness against symptomatic disease decreased by 32% for those above 50 years of age.
Evidence for Homologous Booster Dose
Bharat Biotech conducted a phase-2 trial using Covaxin (homologous) as a booster dose given six months after the second dose. According to which,
- Both natural infection and the booster shots, after the primary vaccination, increased the antibody levels.
- The increase was higher with the booster.
- 184 participants received a booster dose six months after the second dose.
- At four weeks post the booster dose – the antibody level was seven times greater as per the plaque reduction neutralisation test.
- The Government has said that the third dose should be administered nine months or 39 weeks post the second dose of vaccination.
Covishield booster dose
- There is currently no data on the Covishield booster dose from India.
- The Subject Expert Committee (SEC) had asked the Serum Institute of India to submit a proposal to generate clinical trial data for the booster dose.
- Serum Institute has requested permission to administer the Covishield booster dose six months after the second dose.
- The SEC noted that the company has “not presented any data from the Indian population for the requirement of booster dose based on demographic profile and waning immunogenicity”.
Conclusion
Though clinical trial data are not adequately available for either Covishield or Covaxin, the experts opine that homologous boosting is generally considered safe and there is enough immunological evidence from other vaccines that a booster shot increases the immune responses. And also suggest that heterologous boosting should be allowed only after conducting proper clinical trials.
F. Prelims Facts
1. A ‘village of books’ in all Maharashtra districts
About ‘village of books’
A village of books inspired by the famous town of Hay-on-Wye in Wales, the U.K., will soon be seen in every district of Maharashtra.
The initiative takes its cue from a successful pilot project launched in May 2017 in the village of Bhilar near the hill station of Mahabaleshwar.
The village Gram Panchayat can make available the necessary space, water, electricity, sanitation, etc.
2. Gharials to return to Orang National Park
Context:
The gharial could be the prime beneficiary of a process to expand an Assam tiger reserve.
Orang National Park:
- Orang National park is the oldest reserve of the State just on the northern bank of river Brahmaputra in Assam.
- It was established as a sanctuary in 1985 and declared a National Park on 13 April 1999.
- It is also known as the mini Kaziranga National Park (IUCN site) since the two parks have a similar landscape made up of marshes, streams and grasslands and are inhabited by the Great Indian One-Horned Rhinoceros.
- It is the only stronghold of rhinoceros on the north bank of the Brahmaputra river.
Other national parks in Assam: Other national parks in Assam are Kaziranga, Manas, Nameri, Dibru-Saikhowa, Raimona and Dehing Patkai.
Know More About Gharials
G. Tidbits
Nothing here for today!!!
H. UPSC Prelims Practice Questions
Q1. Consider the following statements with respect to Model Code of Conduct:
- The Model Code of Conduct is enforced from the date of announcement of election schedule by the Election Commission and is operational till the process of elections are completed
- It is a legally enforceable document.
- Karnataka was the first state to adopt a code of conduct for elections in 1960
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
- 1 only
- 2 and 3 only
- 1 and 3 only
- 1, 2 and 3
CHECK ANSWERS:-
Answer: a
Explanation
- The Model Code of Conduct is a set of guidelines that are issued by India’s Election Commission (EC) for candidates and political parties during elections. Hence Statement 1 is correct.
- The code goes into effect when the election timetable is announced and continues in effect until the procedure is completed. It is not a legally enforceable document. Hence Statement 2 is incorrect.
- Kerala is the first state to implement the model code of conduct in India in its 1960 elections. Hence Statement 3 is incorrect.
Q2. Which of the following States are covered under Inner Line Permit?
- Arunachal Pradesh
- Manipur
- Meghalaya
- Mizoram
- Nagaland
- Sikkim
Options:
- 1, 2, 3 and 5 only
- 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 only
- 1, 2, 4 and 5 only
- 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 only
CHECK ANSWERS:-
Answer: c
Explanation
- Inner Line Permit (ILP) is an official travel document issued by the Government of India to allow inward travel of an Indian citizen into a protected area for a limited period. It is obligatory for Indian citizens from outside those states to obtain a permit for entering into the protected state.
- There are four North-Eastern states that have ILP:
- Arunachal Pradesh
- Nagaland
- Mizoram
- Manipur
- Hence Option C is correct.
Q3. With respect to Gharials, which of the following statements is/are correct?
- They are endemic to the Indian sub-continent
- They are recognized as keystone species
- It is listed as Critically Endangered on IUCN Red List
Options:
- 1 and 2 only
- 3 only
- 1, 2 and 3
- None
CHECK ANSWERS:-
Answer: c
Explanation
- The gharial is endemic to the Indian subcontinent, occurring in the Indus, Ganges, Brahmaputra and the Mahanadi River systems. It is believed that the gharial is now extinct from Myanmar, Bhutan and Pakistan.
- Gharial is a keystone species of the running freshwater ecosystem and plays an important role in aquatic ecosystems.
- The gharial, once widespread, is now listed as ‘Critically Endangered’ in the IUCN Red List.
- Hence All the Statements are correct.
Q4. Consider the following statements:
- It is a country in Northeast Africa.
- It borders countries like Chad and Libya
- It is known as the place with the world’s largest collection of pyramids
The above statements best describe:
- Egypt
- Sudan
- South Sudan
- Eritrea
CHECK ANSWERS:-
Answer: b
Explanation
- Sudan is a country located in northeastern Africa. Hence Statement 1 is correct.
- Sudan is bounded by Egypt, on the east by the Red Sea, Eritrea, and Ethiopia, on the south by South Sudan, on the west by the Central African Republic and Chad, and on the northwest by Libya. Hence Statement 2 is correct.
- Sudan is the country with the maximum number of pyramids in the world. Hence Statement 3 is correct.
Source: – africanews.space
Q5. What is the purpose of Vidyanjali Yojana?
- To enable the famous foreign educational institutions to open their campuses in India.
- To increase the quality of education provided in government schools by taking help from the private sector and the community.
- To encourage voluntary monetary contributions from private individuals and organizations so as to improve the infrastructure facilities for primary and secondary schools.
Select the correct answer using the code given below :
- 2 only
- 3 only
- 1 and 2 only
- 2 and 3 only
CHECK ANSWERS:-
Answer: a
Explanation
- The Ministry of Human Resource Development of India created the Vidyanjali Yojana, a school volunteer initiative.
- Vidyanjali is a project of the Ministry of Education, Government of India, with the goal of strengthening schools across the nation via community and private sector engagement.
- The scheme aims to strengthen Schools through community and private sector involvement in schools across the country.
- This programme will bring together schools and volunteers from the Indian Diaspora, including young professionals, retired teachers, retired government officials, retired professionals, and others.
- Hence Option A is correct.
I. UPSC Mains Practice Questions
- There is a dire need to have a proper legislation for cyber bullying in India to prevent the spread of misogyny and hate. Do you agree? Justify. (10 Marks, 150 Words)[GS-1, Social Issues]
- A future focused pandemic policy that takes into consideration all aspects of a citizen’s life is the need of the hour. Discuss. (10 Marks, 150 Words)[GS-2, Health]
Read the previous CNA here.
CNA 09 Jan 2022:- Download PDF Here
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