02 March 2024 CNA
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
A. GS 1 Related B. GS 2 Related INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 1. With China out, Indian firm to build Sri Lanka power project C. GS 3 Related ENVIRONMENT 1. Unrestrained poaching plays big role in decline of Odisha’s leopards 2. India to establish international alliance to protect big cats D. GS 4 Related E. Editorials SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 1. Decoding the script INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 1. Change and Continuity in India’s Palestine Policy F. Prelims Facts 1. Centre’s housing scheme for tribal groups facing hurdles due to lack of accurate data 2. U.S. drone sales to India progress to the next stage 3. India to see warmer summer as El Nino conditions continue 4. Centre signs five contracts to procure arms and ammunition for ₹39,125 cr. G. Tidbits H. UPSC Prelims Practice Questions I. UPSC Mains Practice Questions
A. GS 1 Related
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B. GS 2 Related
Category: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
1. With China out, Indian firm to build Sri Lanka power project
Syllabus: Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s Interests
Mains: India- Sri Lanka relations
Context: India, in collaboration with a Bengaluru-based company, has signed a pact with Sri Lanka’s energy authority to construct a hybrid power project on three islands off the Jaffna peninsula. This development comes after India objected to a Chinese energy project in the region, showcasing India’s strategic interest in the area.
Issues
- Strategic Concerns: India expressed objections to a Chinese energy project near its southern coastline, citing strategic implications. The move underscores the geopolitical competition between India and China in the region.
- Energy Needs: The energy needs of the three islands off the Jaffna peninsula in Sri Lanka have been a concern, necessitating the implementation of sustainable energy projects to address local demand.
Significance
- Strategic Partnership: India’s involvement in the energy project strengthens bilateral ties with Sri Lanka and demonstrates India’s commitment to regional stability and development.
- Sustainable Energy: The hybrid renewable energy project combines solar and wind power to optimize energy capacities, contributing to sustainable development goals and reducing reliance on traditional fossil fuels.
- Economic Opportunities: Collaboration with Indian firms presents economic opportunities for local companies and fosters technology transfer, contributing to job creation and skill development.
Solutions
- Project Implementation: Ensure timely and efficient implementation of the hybrid renewable energy project in coordination with Sri Lankan authorities and the Bengaluru-based company.
- Community Engagement: Involve local communities in the planning and execution phases of the project, promoting ownership and awareness about the benefits of sustainable energy.
- Capacity Building: Provide training and capacity-building programs for local technicians and workers to enable them to maintain and operate renewable energy systems effectively.
Nut Graf: The collaboration between India and Sri Lanka to establish a hybrid power project reflects the shared commitment towards sustainable development and energy security in the region. By leveraging Indian expertise and technology, the project aims to address local energy needs while fostering economic growth and enhancing bilateral ties.
C. GS 3 Related
Category: ENVIRONMENT
1. Unrestrained poaching plays big role in decline of Odisha’s leopards
Syllabus: Conservation, Environmental pollution and degradation
Prelims: Leopards
Mains: Reasons for the decline of Odisha’s leopards
Context: Unrestrained poaching poses a significant threat to the leopard population in Odisha, leading to a drastic decline in numbers. Between 2018 and 2022, approximately one-fourth of Odisha’s leopards were lost primarily due to poaching activities.
Issues
- Decline in Leopard Population: The ‘Status of Leopards India’ report highlighted a sharp decline in Odisha’s leopard population, estimating a loss of around 25.26%.
- Distribution: Leopard occupancy is now confined to Protected Areas such as Similipal and Satkosia tiger reserves, Hirakud and Kotagarh wildlife sanctuaries, with absence in previously occupied regions like Nayagarh and Ghumsur forest divisions.
- Threats to Leopard Population: Poaching remains a significant threat, along with habitat loss due to human activities such as mining and road accidents.
- Extent of Poaching: The report indicates widespread poaching activities targeting leopards for their skins and body parts, with a substantial number of skins seized by authorities over the years.
Significance
- Ecological Balance: Leopards play a crucial role in maintaining the ecological balance by controlling prey populations.
- Biodiversity: The decline in the leopard population signifies a loss of biodiversity and indicates environmental degradation.
- Economic Impact: Effective conservation measures can boost eco-tourism and contribute to the economy through wildlife tourism.
About Leopards:
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Solutions
- Enhanced Patrolling: Strengthening patrolling efforts and law enforcement to curb poaching activities, especially outside protected areas where a significant leopard population resides.
- Prey Recovery and Habitat Management: Implementing measures for prey recovery and habitat management to ensure adequate food sources and suitable habitats for leopards.
- Awareness Campaigns: Conducting awareness campaigns to educate locals about the importance of leopard conservation and the consequences of poaching.
Nut Graf: The decline in Odisha’s leopard population due to rampant poaching calls for immediate action from the state authorities. Effective enforcement of laws, habitat conservation, and community involvement are essential to safeguarding the future of leopards in the region and preserving biodiversity.
2. India to establish international alliance to protect big cats
Syllabus: Conservation, Environmental pollution and degradation
Prelims: Big Cats International Alliance
Context: India’s Union Environment Ministry has proposed the establishment of an International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA) akin to the International Solar Alliance, to promote global conservation efforts for big cats. This initiative reflects India’s commitment to leveraging its expertise in tiger conservation for the benefit of all ‘big cat’ species.
Issues
- Lack of International Coordination: Currently, there is no international body dedicated to addressing conservation challenges faced by big cats across their habitats, leading to a gap in resource allocation and best practices dissemination.
- Need for Conservation Efforts: Big cat populations worldwide are under threat due to habitat loss, poaching, and human-wildlife conflict, necessitating coordinated conservation initiatives.
Significance
- Conservation Leadership: India’s leadership in tiger conservation has been globally recognized, making it well-positioned to spearhead efforts for the protection of all ‘big cat’ species.
- Global Collaboration: The establishment of the IBCA will facilitate collaboration among countries, conservation organizations, scientific institutions, businesses, and corporates interested in big cat conservation.
- Capacity Building: Membership in the alliance will provide access to technical expertise, funding, and training opportunities for frontline staff and local communities, enhancing their capacity for wildlife conservation.
Big Cats:
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Solutions
- Establishment of IBCA: Formalize the establishment of the International Big Cat Alliance, headquartered in India, with a commitment of ₹150 crore over five years.
- Membership Expansion: Encourage more countries to join the alliance, leveraging India’s diplomatic channels to garner support and participation from nations harbouring ‘big cats.’
- Capacity Building Initiatives: Develop training programs for frontline staff in member countries, focusing on wildlife monitoring, community engagement, and eco-tourism development.
- Knowledge Sharing: Create a central repository for technical know-how and best practices in big cat conservation, facilitating information exchange among member countries.
Nut Graf: The establishment of the International Big Cat Alliance underscores India’s commitment to global wildlife conservation efforts. By leveraging its expertise and resources, India aims to address the conservation challenges faced by ‘big cat’ species worldwide.
D. GS 4 Related
Nothing here for today!!!
E. Editorials
Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Syllabus: GS-3, Developments in Science and Technology and Applications of scientific developments in everyday life
Mains: Importance of Genome sequencing and Genome India Project
Context: Genome sequencing, particularly through projects like the Genome India Project, has immense potential in understanding human genetics and combating diseases. The recent completion of sequencing 10,000 Indian genomes marks a significant milestone in this endeavour.
Issues
- Representativeness of Sample Size: While sequencing 10,000 genomes is a commendable feat, it may not fully represent India’s diverse population of over a billion. However, it serves as a vital template for further insights into genetic variations.
- Genetic Diversity: India’s history of population groups and caste-based endogamy has led to the persistence of rare genetic variants, some of which may be harmful. Understanding these variations is crucial for personalized medicine and disease prevention.
- Complexity of Disease: The initial optimism surrounding genome sequencing, promising personalized medicine based on genetic profiles, has been tempered by the realization that most diseases are not solely determined by a single gene. This complexity presents challenges in translating genetic insights into effective treatments.
Significance
- Combating Disease: Genome sequencing enables the identification of genetic factors contributing to diseases, allowing for targeted interventions and personalized treatment plans.
- Understanding Genetic Diversity: By analyzing a diverse range of genomes, researchers can gain insights into the genetic makeup of different population groups, aiding in understanding evolutionary history and disease susceptibility.
- Democratization of Knowledge: Findings from genome sequencing projects must be shared widely and not confined to academic circles. Collaboration with various stakeholders, including scientists, students, technology companies, ethicists, and social scientists, ensures a comprehensive understanding of genetic data and its implications for society.
Solutions
- Expansion of Genome Sequencing: The Genome India Project should aim to expand beyond the initial 10,000 genomes to capture greater diversity within India’s population.
- Transparency and Collaboration: Encourage open sharing of findings and foster collaborations across disciplines to harness the full potential of genome sequencing data.
- Accessibility of Healthcare: Efforts should be made to ensure that any medical advancements resulting from genome research are accessible and affordable to all segments of society.
Nut Graf: Genome sequencing offers a promising avenue for understanding human genetics and addressing health challenges. The completion of sequencing 10,000 Indian genomes by the Genome India Project marks a significant step forward.
Category: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
1. Change and Continuity in India’s Palestine Policy
Syllabus: GS-2, Effect of policies and politics of developed and developing countries on India’s interests.
Mains: India’s Palestine policy
Context: India’s stance on the Palestine-Israel conflict has historically been supportive of the Palestinian cause, maintaining a delicate balance between its relationship with Israel and its commitment to Palestine. However, recent events have sparked discussions regarding a potential shift in India’s policy towards Palestine, raising questions about continuity and change.
Historical Perspective
- India initially opposed the partition of Palestine in 1947, aligning with the Arab bloc’s stance.
- Despite recognizing Israel in 1950, India refrained from establishing full diplomatic relations, maintaining support for the Palestinian cause during the Cold War era.
- Full diplomatic relations with Israel were established in 1992, leading to deepening bilateral ties while publicly advocating for a two-state solution with East Jerusalem as the capital of Palestine.
Recent Developments
- Prime Minister Modi’s visit to Israel in 2017 marked a significant milestone in bilateral relations, emphasizing personal rapport with Israeli counterparts.
- Following the October 7 Hamas attack in Israel, Modi expressed solidarity with Israel, indicating potential shifts in India’s stance.
- India’s abstention from a UN General Assembly vote on a humanitarian truce in Gaza raised further concerns about policy realignment.
Evolving Approach
- India’s Palestine policy has evolved under different leaderships, emphasizing pragmatism and realpolitik.
- While continuing to support the two-state solution, India has refrained from commenting on contentious issues such as Jerusalem’s status and borders, focusing on dialogue and diplomacy.
Post-October 7 Analysis
- Despite expressions of solidarity with Israel, India’s voting record at the UN and statements by the Ministry of External Affairs demonstrate a commitment to a sovereign Palestinian state and condemnation of Israeli settlements.
- India’s engagement with the Palestine-Israel conflict reflects a nuanced approach, neither fully endorsing Israeli actions nor being a staunch critic.
India’s Interests
- India’s support for the Palestinian cause aligns with its aspirations to lead the Global South and uphold humanitarian principles.
- Concerns about civilian casualties in Gaza and the broader regional implications of the conflict highlight India’s strategic interests in promoting stability and resolving the Palestine question.
Nut Graf: India’s policy towards Palestine exhibits a balance between continuity and change, reflecting evolving geopolitical dynamics and national interests. While deepening ties with Israel, India maintains support for the Palestinian cause, emphasizing diplomacy and a two-state solution.
F. Prelims Facts
1. Centre’s housing scheme for tribal groups facing hurdles due to lack of accurate data
Context: The PM Janjati Adivasi Nyay Maha Abhiyaan (PM-JANMAN), a housing scheme targeting tribal communities, faces challenges due to the lack of accurate data on beneficiaries. The scheme, launched with ambitious targets, aims to provide housing to tribal groups but is hindered by discrepancies in population estimates and incomplete surveys.
Issues
- Data Accuracy: Inaccurate estimates of the tribal population, varying from 28 lakh to 44.64 lakh, pose challenges in identifying eligible beneficiaries for the housing scheme.
- Incomplete Surveys: State governments conducted surveys based on estimates provided by the Centre, leading to discrepancies and incomplete data on tribal populations and their locations.
Significance
- Tribal Welfare: The PM-JANMAN scheme is crucial for improving the living conditions of tribal communities, addressing housing needs, and reducing vulnerability.
- Development Goals: Providing housing to tribal groups aligns with broader development objectives, promoting inclusive growth and reducing disparities in access to basic amenities.
2. U.S. drone sales to India progress to the next stage
Context: The progress of the sale of MQ-9B high altitude long endurance armed Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) from U.S. company General Atomics to India marks a significant development in bilateral defense cooperation. The deal, initiated during Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s State visit to Washington DC, has advanced to the next stage after completing a 30-day Congressional notification period.
Issues
- Allegations of Conspiracy: The sale faced obstacles in the U.S. Congress due to allegations of Indian government involvement in a plot to assassinate Khalistani separatist Gurpatwant Singh Pannun, a U.S. citizen, on American soil.
- Political Considerations: With general elections approaching in India, the timing of further steps in the procurement process may be influenced by domestic political dynamics.
About MQ-9B high altitude long endurance armed UAV
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Significance
- Enhanced Defense Capabilities: The acquisition of MQ-9B UAVs will bolster India’s defense capabilities, providing advanced reconnaissance and surveillance capabilities in both conventional and asymmetric warfare scenarios.
- Bilateral Relations: The progress of the sale underscores the deepening defense ties between India and the United States, reflecting mutual trust and strategic partnership in the Indo-Pacific region.
3. India to see warmer summer as El Nino conditions continue
Context: The India Meteorological Department (IMD) has forecasted a warmer summer for India due to the continuation of El Nino conditions until at least May. Regions such as Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, north interior Karnataka, Maharashtra, and Odisha are expected to experience more heatwave days than usual. Additionally, above-normal rainfall is predicted for March, with above-normal maximum and minimum temperatures anticipated across most parts of the country from March to May.
Issues
- El Nino Conditions: The persistence of El Nino conditions contributes to warmer temperatures, affecting weather patterns and climatic conditions across India.
- Heatwave Vulnerability: Northeast peninsular India, including Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, and north interior Karnataka, along with parts of Maharashtra and Odisha, are particularly vulnerable to heatwaves, posing risks to public health and agricultural productivity.
Significance
- Impact on Agriculture: Warmer temperatures and reduced rainfall may adversely affect agricultural activities, potentially leading to crop failures and water scarcity in certain regions.
- Public Health Concerns: Higher temperatures increase the risk of heat-related illnesses and fatalities, necessitating public health interventions and awareness campaigns to mitigate the impact on vulnerable populations.
4. Centre signs five contracts to procure arms and ammunition for ₹39,125 cr.
Context: The Union Ministry of Defence recently finalized five major capital acquisition contracts amounting to ₹39,125.39 crore for the Indian armed forces. These contracts encompass a range of equipment, including aero-engines, Close-in Weapon Systems (CIWS), High-Power Radar (HPR), BrahMos missiles, and ship-borne BrahMos cruise missile systems.
Issues
- Dependency on Foreign Equipment: Historically, India has relied on imports for its defense equipment needs, leading to significant expenditure and dependency on foreign manufacturers.
- Indigenous Capabilities: Enhancing indigenous defense manufacturing capabilities has been a longstanding goal to reduce dependency on imports and strengthen national security.
About MIG 29:
About Close-in Weapon System (CIWS):
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Significance
- Strengthening Indigenous Capabilities: The procurement contracts with Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL), Larsen & Toubro (L&T), and BrahMos Aerospace Private Limited (BAPL) aim to bolster indigenous capabilities in defense manufacturing.
- Cost Savings and Self-Reliance: By investing in domestic production, these contracts are expected to save foreign exchange, create employment opportunities, and reduce reliance on foreign-origin equipment, contributing to self-reliance in defense production.
G. Tidbits
Nothing here for today!!!
H. UPSC Prelims Practice Questions
Q1. Consider the following statements in the context of the report “Status of Leopards”:
- Madhya Pradesh houses the largest population of leopards in the country.
- Leopard is classified as “Vulnerable” by the IUCN Red List.
How many of these statements is/are correct?
- Only statement 1
- Only statement 2
- Both statement 1 and statement 2
- None
CHECK ANSWERS:-
Answer: c
Q2. Consider the following statements regarding “The Genome India Project”:
- AIIMS Hospital, New Delhi initiated the “Genome India Project” in 2020.
- The Genome India Project aims to sequence 10,000 Indian genomes.
- It helps in combating diseases like heart failure.
How many of these statements is/are incorrect?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
CHECK ANSWERS:-
Answer: b
Q3. Consider the following statements regarding the Cauvery River:
- It originates in the Vindhya Range.
- It forms the largest delta in India.
- The Cauvery River water sharing is primarily disputed between Karnataka and Maharashtra.
How many of these statements is/are incorrect?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
CHECK ANSWERS:-
Answer: d
Q4. Consider the following statements regarding the PM Janjati Adivasi Nyaya Maha Abhiyaan (PM-JANMAN):
- It is a scheme for all Adivasi communities in India.
- Primarily focused on providing basic amenities like housing, clean water, sanitation, etc.
Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?
- Both Statement I and Statement II are correct and Statement II is the correct explanation for Statement I
- Both Statement I and Statement II are correct and Statement II is not the correct explanation for Statement I
- Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect
- Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is correct
CHECK ANSWERS:-
Answer: d
Q5. Consider the following statements:
- Statement 1: Carbon fibres are used in the manufacture of components used in automobiles and aircraft.
- Statement 2: Carbon fibres once used cannot be recycled.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
- 1 only
- 2 only
- Both 1 and 2
- Neither 1 nor 2
CHECK ANSWERS:-
Answer: a
Click on the link for the video explanation of the above questions and answers.
I. UPSC Mains Practice Questions
- Examine the strategic importance of the Indian Ocean Region (IOR) in global geopolitics and analyze the measures taken by India to counterbalance Chinese influence in the region. (10 marks, 150 words) [GS-2, IR]
- Discuss the challenges faced in the conservation of Indian leopards and analyze the effectiveness of conservation measures implemented to address these challenges. Also, suggest measures to enhance leopard conservation efforts in the country. (15 marks, 250 words) [GS-3, Environment]
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