Arithmetico Geometric Series IITJEE Study Material | BYJU'S

An arithmetico geometric series is obtained by term-by-term multiplication of a GP with the corresponding terms of an AP. The general term of an arithmetico geometric series is given by:

\(\begin{array}{l}S_{n} = a + [a + d] r + [a + 2d] r^{2} + [a + 3d] r_{3} + [a + 4d] r_{4} + . . . . . . . + [a + (n – 1)d] r ^{n – 1}\end{array} \)

For example the sequence 1 + 3x + 6 x² + 9 x³ + 12 x⁴ + 15 x⁵ + 18 x⁶ is an arithmetico geometric sequence where the sequence 1 + 3 + 6 + 9 + 12 + 15 + 18 is in arithmetic progression and the sequence 1 + x + x² + x³ + x⁴ + x⁵ + x⁶ is in geometric progression.

Sum of n terms of an Arithmetico Geometric Series:

\(\begin{array}{l}S_{n} = a + [a + d] r + [a + 2d] r^{2} + [a + 3d] r_{3} + [a + 4d] r_{4} + . . . . . . . + [a + (n – 1)d] r ^{n – 1}\end{array} \)

[ Where d ≠ 0 and r ≠ 0 ] . . . . . . (1)

Now, multiplying the above equation by ‘r’ we get

\(\begin{array}{l}r.S_{n} = ar + [a + d] r^{2} + [a + 2d] r^{3} + [a + 3d] r_{4} + [a + 4d] r_{5} + . . . . . . . + [a + (n – 1)d] r ^{n }\end{array} \)

[ Where d ≠ 0 and r ≠ 0 ] . . . . . . (2)

Now, Equation (2) – Equation (1), we get

\(\begin{array}{l}S_{n} (1 – r) = a + d (r + r^{2} + r^{3} + . . . . . . + r^{n – 1} ) – [a + (n – 1) d] \times r ^ {n}\end{array} \)

Or

\(\begin{array}{l}S_n (1 – r) = a + \mathbf{d\;\left [ \;\frac{r\;(1\;-\;r^{n\;-\;1})}{1\;-\;r} \;\right ]} – [a + (n – 1) d]\times r^n\end{array} \)

Or,

\(\begin{array}{l}\mathbf{S_{n}\;=\;\frac{a}{1\;-\;r}\;+\;d\;\left [ \;\frac{r\;(1\;-\;r\;^{n\;-\;1})}{1\;-\;r} \;\right ]\;-\;\frac{a\;+\;(n\;-\;1)\;d}{r^{n}}}\end{array} \)

Sum of an Infinite Arithmetico Geometric Series:

If n → ∞, and |r| < 1, then rⁿ = 0.

Therefore,

\(\begin{array}{l}\mathbf{S_{\infty}\;=\;\frac{a}{1\;-\;r}\;+\;\frac{dr}{(1\;+\;r)^{2}}}\end{array} \)

The Method of Differences:

Suppose p₁, p₂, p₃, p₄,…., p_n is a given sequence such that (p₂ – p₁), (p₃ – p₂),…., (p_n – p_n-1) is either in an arithmetic or geometric progression. The sum of the given sequence can be evaluated by following the steps mentioned below:

Finding the nth term of the given sequence (t_n):

Let,

\(\begin{array}{l}S= p_{1} + p_{2} + p_{3} + p_{4}+ . . . . .+ p_{n}. . . . . . . . . . (1)\end{array} \)

Also,

\(\begin{array}{l}S = 0 + p_{1} + p_{2} + p_{3} + p_{4}+ . . . . .+ p_{n}. . . . . . . . . . (2)\end{array} \)

Now, Equation (1) – Equation (2), we get;

\(\begin{array}{l}0 = p_{1} + (p_{2} – p_{1}) + (p_{3} – p_{2}) + \left (p_{4} – p_{3} \right ) + . . . . .+ (p_{n} -p_{n-1}) – t_{n}\end{array} \)

Or,

\(\begin{array}{l}t_{n} = p_{1} + (p_{2} – p_{1}) + (p_{3} – p_{2}) + \left (p_{4} – p_{3} \right ) + . . . . .+ (p_{n} -p_{n-1})\end{array} \)

Evaluating the sum of the given sequence using its nth term:

\(\begin{array}{l}\mathbf{S_{n}\;=\;\sum_{n\;=\;1}^{n}\;\;t_{n}}\end{array} \)

Important Results:

\(\begin{array}{l}\mathbf{\sum_{r\;=\;1}^{n}\;\;(a_{r}\;\pm \;b_{r})\;=\;\sum_{r\;=\;1}^{n}\;a_{r}\;\pm \;\sum_{r\;=\;1}^{n}\;b^{r}}\end{array} \)
\(\begin{array}{l}\mathbf{\sum_{r\;=\;1}^{n}\;\;k\;a_{r}\;=\;k\;\sum_{r\;=\;1}^{n}\;a_{r}}\end{array} \)
\(\begin{array}{l}\mathbf{\sum_{r\;=\;1}^{n}\;\;k\;+\;k\;+\;k\;+\;k\;+\;.\;.\;.\;.\;.\;.\;+\;n\; times\;=\;n\;k}\end{array} \)
[ where, k = constant ]
\(\begin{array}{l}\mathbf{\sum_{r\;=\;1}^{n}\;\;r\;=\;1\;+\;2\;+\;3\;+\;4\;+\;5\;+\;.\;.\;.\;.\;.\;+\;n\;=\;\frac{n\;(n\;+\;1)}{2}}\end{array} \)
\(\begin{array}{l}\mathbf{\sum_{r\;=\;1}^{n}\;\;r^{2}\;=\;1^{2}\;+\;2^{2}\;+\;3^{2}\;+\;.\;.\;.\;+\;n^{2}\;=\;\frac{n\;(n\;+\;1)\;(2\;n\;+\;1)}{6}}\end{array} \)
\(\begin{array}{l}\mathbf{\sum_{r\;=\;1}^{n}\;\;r^{3}\;=\;1^{3}\;+\;2^{3}\;+\;3^{3}\;+\;.\;.\;.\;+\;n^{3}\;=\;\frac{n^{2}\;(n\;+\;1)^{2}}{4}}\end{array} \)

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