Relations and Functions are an integral part of Mathematics, which helps to define the different concepts, along with different types of specific valued functions along with their graphs. Here we are providing the CBSE Class 12 Maths Notes Chapter 1 on Relations and Functions. These CBSE Notes contains all the important formulas and definition. Studying through these notes will help students understand the topics in a better way. Also, it will help them in their exam preparation.
CBSE Class 12 Maths Notes Chapter 1 Relations and Functions
Relations
A relation can be mathematically defined as the linking or connection between two different objects or quantities.
Examples of relations:
- {(a, b) ∈ A × B: a is the brother of b},
- {(a, b) ∈ A × B: a is the sister of b},
- {(a, b) ∈ A × B: age of a is greater than the age of b},
- {(a, b) ∈ A × B: total marks obtained by a in the final examination is less than the total marks obtained by b in the final examination},
- {(a, b) ∈ A × B: a lives in the same locality as b}. However, abstracting from this, we define mathematically a relation R from A to B as an arbitrary subset of Ax
Students can refer to the short notes and MCQ questions along with separate solution pdf of this chapter for quick revision from the links below:
- Relations and Functions Study Notes PDF
- Relations and Functions MCQ Practice Questions PDF
- Relations and Functions MCQ Practice Solutions PDF
Types of Relations
- Empty Relation
- Universal Relation
- Reflexive Relation
- Symmetric relation
- Transitive relation
- Equivalence relation
Empty Relation: A relation R in a set A is called empty relation if no element of A is related to any element of A, i.e., R = φ ⊂ A × A.
Universal Relation: A relation R in a set A is called universal relation if each element of A is related to every element of A, i.e., R = A × A.
Reflexive Relation: A relation R in a set A is said to be an equivalence relation if R is reflexive, symmetric and transitive.
Symmetric relation R in X is a relation satisfying (a, b) ∈ R implies (b, a) ∈ R.
Transitive relation R in X is a relation satisfying (a, b) ∈ R and (b, c) ∈ R implies that (a, c) ∈ R.
Equivalence relation R in X is a relation which is reflexive, symmetric and transitive.
Functions
Functions are defined as a special kind of relations.
Types of Functions
1) One-one Function
A function f : X → Y is one-one (or injective) if f(x1) = f(x2) ⇒ x1 = x2 ∀ x1 , x2 ∈ X.
2) Onto Function
A function f : X → Y is onto (or surjective) if given any y ∈ Y, ∃ x ∈ X such that f(x) = y.
3) One-One and Onto Function
A function f : X → Y is one-one and onto (or bijective), if f is both one-one and onto.
Composition of functions
The composition of functions f : A → B and g : B → C is the function gof : A → C given by
gof(x) = g(f(x)) ∀ x ∈ A.
Invertible Function
A function f : X → Y is invertible if ∃ g : Y → X such that gof = IX and fog = IY.
Condition- A function f : X → Y is invertible if and only if f is one-one and onto.
Binary Operation
A binary operation can be defined as a set of operations such as addition, subtraction, division and multiplication that are usually carried out to an arbitrary set called ‘X’. The operations that ensue in order to obtain a result for the following pair of elements, such a, b from X to another element of X, is called a binary operation.
A binary operation ∗ on a set A is a function ∗ from A × A to A.
Properties
- An element e ∈ X is the identity element for binary operation ∗ : X × X → X if a ∗ e = a = e ∗ a ∀ a ∈ X
- An element a ∈ X is invertible for binary operation ∗ : X × X → X, if there exists b ∈ X such that a ∗ b = e = b ∗ a where e is the identity for the binary operation ∗. The element b is called the inverse of a and is denoted by a–1.
- An operation ∗ on X is commutative if a ∗ b = b ∗ a ∀ a, b in X.
- An operation ∗ on X is associative if (a ∗ b) ∗ c = a ∗ (b ∗ c)∀ a, b, c in X.
Students can practice this chapter and all its topics thoroughly with the help of the Relations and Functions Worksheet.
| Also Access |
| NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Maths Chapter 1 |
| NCERT Exemplar for Class 12 Maths Chapter 1 |
Important Questions:
- Is this a binary operation if in the set {5, 6, 7, 8, 9} * is defined by p * q = L.C.M. of p and q? Concur your answer.
- Is * commutative? Is * associative? If * be the binary operation on N defined by a * b = H.C.F. of a and b. Can you show the existence of this binary operation on N?
- From the set {5, 6, 7, … , n}, Find the number of all onto functions to itself
- Given a nonempty set Q, consider P(Q), which is the set of all subsets of Q
- Show that the function f: Q → Q given by f(p) = p3 is injective.
You may also want to read:
| Median | Singular Matrix |
| Nature Of Roots Of Quadratic Equations | Independent Events |
Frequently Asked Questions on CBSE Class 12 Maths Notes Chapter 1 Relations and Functions
What is a ‘Relation’ in mathematical terms?
In Mathematics, the relation is the relationship between two or more sets of values.
What is a function in mathematical terms?
In Mathematics, an expression, rule, or law defines a relationship between one variable (the independent variable) and another variable (the dependent variable).
What are the uses of ‘Functions’?
Some of the important types of functions are 1. Many to one function2. One-to-one function 3. Onto function4. One and onto function5. Constant function6. Identity function
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