Three Dimensional Geometry Class 12 Notes Chapter 11

Direction Cosine of Line

This is referred to the cosine of the angles subtended by a line on the positive direction of the coordinate axis. If we are given a line whose direction cosines are p,q,r, then

\(\begin{array}{l}p^{2}+q^{2}+r^{2}=1\end{array} \)
and suppose we have line joining two points such as R(
\(\begin{array}{l}x_{1},y_{1},z_{1}\end{array} \)
) and S(
\(\begin{array}{l}x_{2},y_{2},z_{2}\end{array} \)
) are represented by
\(\begin{array}{l}x_{2}-x_{1}/RS,y_{2}-y_{1}/RS,z_{2}-z_{1}/RS\end{array} \)
and

RS=

\(\begin{array}{l}\sqrt{(x_{2}-x_{1})^{2}+(y_{2}-y_{1})^{2}+(z_{2}-z_{1})^{2}}\end{array} \)

If a line has p,q,r are the direction cosines and a,b,c are the direction ratios then,

p=

\(\begin{array}{l}a/\sqrt{a^{2}+b^{2}+c^{2}}\end{array} \)
,

q=

\(\begin{array}{l}b/\sqrt{a^{2}+b^{2}+c^{2}}\end{array} \)
,

r=

\(\begin{array}{l}c/\sqrt{a^{2}+b^{2}+c^{2}}\end{array} \)

For More Information On Direction Cosine Of A Line, Watch The Below Video.


What are Skew Lines?

These are referred to the lines in space which neither intersecting nor parallel. They exist in a different plane. The angle between two lines which intersect each other can be found from any point which is parallel to each of the skew lines.

If

\(\begin{array}{l}p_{1},q_{1},r_{1}\end{array} \)
and
\(\begin{array}{l}p_{2},q_{2},r_{2}\end{array} \)
are the given direction cosines and angle between two distinct lines is
\(\begin{array}{l}\theta\end{array} \)
then,
\(\begin{array}{l}cos\theta\end{array} \)
=
\(\begin{array}{l}\left | p_{1}p_{2}+q_{1}q_{2}+r_{1}r_{2} \right |\end{array} \)

And if two lines have direction ratios as

\(\begin{array}{l}l_{1},m_{1},n_{1}\end{array} \)
and
\(\begin{array}{l}l_{2},m_{2},n_{2}\end{array} \)
and angle
\(\begin{array}{l}\theta\end{array} \)
is given then,
\(\begin{array}{l}\left | l_{1}l_{2}+m_{1}m_{2}+n_{1}n_{2} \right/\sqrt{l_{1}^{2}+m_{1}^{2}+n_{1}^{2} \sqrt{l_{2}^{2}+m_{2}^{2}+n_{2}^{2}}}\end{array} \)

The equation of the vector of a line

The equation of vector of the line passing through a point having position vector as

\(\begin{array}{l}\underset{a}{\rightarrow}\end{array} \)
and is parallel to a given vector
\(\begin{array}{l}\underset{b}{\rightarrow}\end{array} \)
is
\(\begin{array}{l}\underset{r}{\rightarrow}\end{array} \)
=
\(\begin{array}{l}\underset{a}{\rightarrow}+\lambda \underset{b}{\rightarrow}\end{array} \)
Equation of a plane which is at a distance of d from the origin and the direction
cosines of the normal to the plane as l, m, n is lx + my + nz = d and Shortest distance between two skew lines is the line segment perpendicular to both the lines.

Cartesian Equation of a Line passing through two points

If there are two points with dimensions

\(\begin{array}{l}(x_{1},y_{1},z_{1}) and (x_{2},y_{2},z_{2})\end{array} \)
 then
\(\begin{array}{l}x-x_{1}/x_{2}-x_{1}=y-y_{1}/y_{2}-y_{1}=z-z_{1}/z_{2}-z_{1}\end{array} \)
Also Access 
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Maths Chapter 11
NCERT Exemplar for Class 12 Maths Chapter 11

Important Questions

1. Distance between the two planes with dimensions 2x + 3y + 4z = 4 and 4x + 6y + 8z = 12 is

(A) 2 units

(B) 4 units

(C) 8 units

(D)

\(\begin{array}{l}2/\sqrt{29}\end{array} \)
units

2. If P be the origin and the coordinates of P be (2, 3, – 4), then find the equation of the plane passing through Q and perpendicular to PQ.

3. Find the coordinates of the point where the line through (4, – 5, – 6) and (3, – 4, 2) crosses the plane 3x + y + z = 8.

4. Find the coordinates of the point where the line through (6, 2, 7) and (4, 5,2) crosses the YZ-plane

5. Find the angle between the lines whose direction ratios are a, b, c and b – c, c – a, a – b.

Also Read:

Equation Of A Line Equation Of  A Line In Three Dimensions

Frequently asked Questions on CBSE Class 12 Maths Notes Chapter 11: 3D Geometry

Q1

What is a ‘Coordinate’ point?

The coordinates of a point are a pair of numbers that define its exact location on a two-dimensional plane.

Q2

What is ‘Dimensional plane’?

In mathematics, a plane is a flat, two-dimensional surface that extends indefinitely.

Q3

What is ‘3D geometry’?

3D geometry involves the mathematics of shapes in 3D space and involving 3 coordinates which are x-coordinate, y-coordinate and z-coordinate.

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