# Rational Numbers Class 8 Notes - Chapter 1

The numbers which are involved in many mathematical applications such as addition, subtraction and multiplication which are inherently closed with many mathematical processes are called Rational numbers.

## Introduction to Rational Numbers

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### Whole Numbers and Natural Numbers

Natural numbers are set of numbers starting from 1 counting up to infinity. The set of natural numbers is denoted as N′.Whole numbers are set of numbers starting from 0 and going up to infinity. So basically they are natural numbers with the zero added to the set. The set of whole numbers is denoted as W′Closure Property Closure property is applicable for whole numbers in the case of addition and multiplication while it isn’t in the case for subtraction and division. This applies to natural numbers as well. Commutative Property Commutative property applies for whole numbers and natural numbers in the case of addition and multiplication but not in the case of subtraction and division. Associative Property Associative property applies for whole numbers and natural numbers in the case of addition and multiplication but not in the case of subtraction and division.

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### Integers

In simple terms Integers are natural numbers and their negatives. The set of Integers is denoted as ′Z′ or ′I′Closure Property Closure property applies to integers in the case of addition, subtraction and multiplication but not division. Commutative Property Commutative property applies to integers in the case of of addition and multiplication but not subtraction and division. Associative Property Associative property applies to integers in the case of addition and multiplication but not subtraction and division.

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### Rational Numbers

A rational number is a number that can be represented as a fraction of two integers in the form of $$\frac{p}{q}$$, where q must be non-zero. The set of rational numebrs is denoted as Q.

For example: $$\frac{-5}{7}$$ is a rational number where -5 and 7 are integers. Even 2 is a rational number since it can be written as $$\frac{2}{1}$$ where 2 and 1 are integers.

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## Properties of Rational Numbers

### Closure Property of Rational Numbers

For any two rational numbers a and ba∗b=c∈Q i.e. For two rational numbers say a and b the results of addition, subtraction and multiplication operations gives a rational number. Since the sum of two numbers ends up being a rational number, we can say that the closure propertyapplies to rational numbers in the case of addition.
For example : The sum of $$\frac{2}{3}$$ +$$\frac{3}{4}$$ =$$\frac{(8+9)}{12}$$ =$$\frac{17}{12}$$ is also a rational number where 17 and 12 are integers. The difference between two rational numbers result in a rational number. Therefore, the closure property applies for rational numbers in the case of subtraction.
For example : The difference between $$\frac{4}{5}$$ −$$\frac{3}{4}$$ =$$\frac{(16-15)}{20}$$ =$$\frac{1}{20}$$ is also a rational number where 1 and 20 are integers. The multiplication of two rational numbers results in a rational number. Therefore we can say that the closure property applies to rational numbers in the case of multiplication as well.
For example : The product of $$\frac{1}{2}$$ ×$$\frac{-4}{5}$$ =$$\frac{-4}{10}$$ =$$\frac{-2}{5}$$ which is also a rational number where -2 and 5 are integers. In the case with division of two rational numbers, we see that for a rational number a, a÷0 is not defined. Hence we can say that the closure property does not apply for rational numbers in the case of division.

### Commutative Property of Rational Numbers

For any two rational numbers a and ba∗b=b∗a. i.e., Commutative property is one where in the result of an equation must remain the same despite the change in the order of operands. Given two rational numbers a and b, (a+b) is always going to be equal to (b+a). Therefore addition is commutative for rational numbers.
For example: $$\frac{2}{3}$$ +$$\frac{4}{3}$$ = $$\frac{4}{3}$$ + $$\frac{2}{3}$$ ⇒$$\frac{6}{7}$$ = $$\frac{6}{7}$$ Considering the difference between two rational numbers a and b, (a−b) is never the same as (b−a). Therefore subtraction is not commutative for rational numbers.
For example: $$\frac{2}{3}$$ − $$\frac{4}{3}$$ = $$\frac{-2}{3}$$ Whereas $$\frac{4}{3}$$ − $$\frac{2}{3}$$ = $$\frac{2}{3}$$ When we consider the product of two rational numbers a and b, (a×b) is the same as (b×a). Therefore multiplication is commutative for rational numbers.
For example: $$\frac{2}{3}$$ × $$\frac{4}{3}$$ = $$\frac{8}{9}$$ $$\frac{4}{3}$$ × $$\frac{2}{3}$$ = $$\frac{8}{9}$$ Considering the division of two numbers a and b, (a÷b) is different from (b÷a). Therefore division is not commutative for rational numbers.
For example: 2÷3=$$\frac{2}{3}$$ is definitely different from 3÷2=$$\frac{3}{2}$$

### Associative Property of Rational Numbers

For any three rational numbers a,b and c, (a∗b)∗c=a∗(b∗c). i.e., Associative property is one where the result of an equation must remain the same despite a change in the order of operators. Given three rational numbers a,b and c, it can be said that : (a+b)+c = a+(b+c). Therefore addition is associative. (a−b)−c≠a−(b−c). Because (a-b)-c = a-b-c whereas a-(b-c) = a-b+c. Therefore we can say that subtraction is not associative. (a×b)×c=a×(b×c). Therefore multiplication is associative.(a÷b)÷c≠(a÷b)÷c. Therefore division is not associative.

### Distributive Property of Rational Numbers

Given three rational numbers a,b and c, the distributivity of multiplication over addition and subtraction is respectively given as : a(b+c)=ab+aca(b−c)=ab−ac

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## Negatives and Reciprocals

### Negation of a Number

For a rational number $$\frac{a}{b}$$, $$\frac{a}{b}$$ + 0 = $$\frac{a}{b}$$. i.e., when zero is added to any rational number the result is the same rational number. Here ‘0′ is known as additive identity for rational numbers. If ($$\frac{a}{b}$$)+(−$$\frac{a}{b}$$)=(−$$\frac{a}{b}$$)+($$\frac{a}{b}$$)=0, then it can be said that the additive inverse or negative of a rational number ab is −ab. Also −$$\frac{a}{b}$$ is the additive inverse or negative of $$\frac{a}{b}$$.
For example : The additive inverse of $$\frac{-21}{8}$$ is −($$\frac{-21}{8}$$)=$$\frac{21}{8}$$

### Reciprocal of a Number

For any rational number $$\frac{a}{b}$$, $$\frac{a}{b}$$×1=$$\frac{a}{b}$$. i.e., When any rational numbers is multiplied by ‘1’ ,the result is same rational number. Therefore ‘1’  is called multiplicative identity for rational numbers. If $$\frac{a}{b}$$×$$\frac{c}{d}$$=1, then it can be said that the cd is reciprocal or the multiplicative inverse of a rational number $$\frac{a}{b}$$. Also $$\frac{a}{b}$$ is reciprocal or the multiplicative inverse of a rational number $$\frac{c}{d}$$ For example : The reciprocal of $$\frac{2}{3}$$ is $$\frac{3}{2}$$ as $$\frac{2}{3}$$×$$\frac{3}{2}$$=1

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## Representing on a Number Line

### Representation of Rational Numbers on the Number Line

In order to represent a given rational number an, where a and n are integers, on the number line : Step 1 : Divide the distance between two consecutive integers into ‘n′ parts.
For example : If we are given a rational number 23, we divide the space between 0 and 1, 1 and 2 etc. into three parts.

Step 2: Label the rational numbers till the range includes the number you need to mark

Similar steps can be followed for negative rational numbers by repeating the steps towards negative direction.

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## Rational Numbers between Two Rational Numbers

### Rational Numbers between Two Rational Numbers

The number of rational numbers between any two given rational numbers aren’t definite, unlike that of whole numbers and natural numbers.
For example : Between natural numbers 2 and 10 there are exactly 7 numbers but between $$\frac{2}{10}$$ and $$\frac{8}{10}$$ there are infinite numbers that could exist. Method 1 Given two rational numbers, ensure both of them have the same denominators. Once there is a common denominator, we can pick out any rational number that lies in between. Method 2 Given two rational numbers, we can always find a rational number between them by calculating their mean or midpoint.

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