RD Sharma Solutions for Class 11 Maths Chapter 2 Relations

RD Sharma Solutions Class 11 Maths Chapter 2 – Free PDF Available

RD Sharma Solutions for Class 11 Maths Chapter 2 – Relations are available here. In the previous chapter, we discussed various operations on sets to create more sets out of given sets. In this chapter, we shall study one more operation, which is known as the Cartesian product of sets. This will finally enable students to understand the concept of relation. Students having any doubts about understanding the concepts can refer to RD Sharma Solutions Class 11 Maths.

The solutions are created by subject matter experts having vast experience in the respective field, as per the CBSE board. RD Sharma Solutions Class 11 Maths Chapter 2 in PDF format is available here, which can be easily downloaded from the links provided below. For more conceptual knowledge, students are advised to follow RD Sharma Class 11 Solutions on a regular basis. Now, let us have a look at the concepts discussed in this chapter.

• Ordered pairs
• Cartesian product of sets
  • Graphical representation of the Cartesian product of sets
  • The number of elements in the Cartesian product of two sets
  • Diagramatic representation of the Cartesian product of two sets
• Relations
  • Representation of a relation
  • Domain and range of a relation
  • The inverse of a relation

RD Sharma Solutions for Class 11 Maths Chapter 2 – Relations

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EXERCISE 2.1 PAGE NO: 2.8

(1) (i) If (a/3 + 1, b – 2/3) = (5/3, 1/3), find the values of a and b.

(ii) If (x + 1, 1) = (3y, y – 1), find the values of x and y.

Solution:

Given:

(a/3 + 1, b – 2/3) = (5/3, 1/3)

By the definition of equality of ordered pairs,

Let us solve for a and b.

a/3 + 1 = 5/3 and b – 2/3 = 1/3

a/3 = 5/3 – 1 and b = 1/3 + 2/3

a/3 = (5-3)/3 and b = (1+2)/3

a/3 = 2/3 and b = 3/3

a = 2(3)/3 and b = 1

a = 2 and b = 1

∴ Values of a and b are a = 2 and b = 1

(ii) If (x + 1, 1) = (3y, y – 1), find the values of x and y.

Given:

(x + 1, 1) = (3y, y – 1)

By the definition of equality of ordered pairs,

Let us solve for x and y

x + 1 = 3y and 1 = y – 1

x = 3y – 1 and y = 1 + 1

x = 3y – 1 and y = 2

Since y = 2, we can substitute in

x = 3y – 1

= 3(2) – 1

= 6 – 1

= 5

∴ Values of x and y are, x = 5 and y = 2

2. If the ordered pairs (x, – 1) and (5, y) belong to the set {(a, b): b = 2a – 3}, find the values of x and y.

Solution:

Given:

The ordered pairs (x, – 1) and (5, y) belong to the set {(a, b): b = 2a – 3}

Solving for the first-order pair,

(x, – 1) = {(a, b): b = 2a – 3}

x = a and -1 = b

By taking b = 2a – 3

If b = – 1 then 2a = – 1 + 3

= 2

a = 2/2

= 1

So, a = 1

Since x = a, x = 1

Similarly, solving for the second-order pair,

(5, y) = {(a, b): b = 2a – 3}

5 = a and y = b

By taking b = 2a – 3

If a = 5 then b = 2×5 – 3

= 10 – 3

= 7

So, b = 7

Since y = b, y = 7

∴ Values of x and y are, x = 1 and y = 7

3. If a ∈ {- 1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and b ∈ {0, 3, 6}, write the set of all ordered pairs (a, b) such that a + b = 5.

Solution:

Given: a ∈ {- 1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and b ∈ {0, 3, 6},

To find: the ordered pair (a, b) such that a + b = 5

Then the ordered pair (a, b) such that a + b = 5 are as follows

(a, b) ∈ {(- 1, 6), (2, 3), (5, 0)}

4. If a ∈ {2, 4, 6, 9} and b ∈ {4, 6, 18, 27}, then form the set of all ordered pairs (a, b) such that a divides b and a<b.

Solution:

Given:

a ∈ {2, 4, 6, 9} and b ∈{4, 6, 18, 27}

Here,

2 divides 4, 6, 18 and is also less than all of them.

4 divides 4 and is also less than none of them.

6 divides 6, 18 and is less than 18 only.

9 divides 18, 27 and is less than all of them.

∴ Ordered pairs (a, b) are (2, 4), (2, 6), (2, 18), (6, 18), (9, 18) and (9, 27)

5. If A = {1, 2} and B = {1, 3}, find A x B and B x A.

Solution:

Given:

A = {1, 2} and B = {1, 3}

A × B = {1, 2} × {1, 3}

= {(1, 1), (1, 3), (2, 1), (2, 3)}

B × A = {1, 3} × {1, 2}

= {(1, 1), (1, 2), (3, 1), (3, 2)}

6. Let A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {3, 4}. Find A x B and show it graphically

Solution:

Given:

A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {3, 4}

A x B = {1, 2, 3} × {3, 4}

= {(1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 3), (2, 4), (3, 3), (3, 4)}

Steps to follow to represent A × B graphically,

Step 1: One horizontal and one vertical axis should be drawn

Step 2: The element of set A should be represented on the horizontal axis, and on the vertical axis, the elements of set B should be represented.

Step 3: Draw dotted lines perpendicular to the horizontal and vertical axes through the elements of sets A and B.

Step 4: The point of intersection of these perpendicular represents A × B.

7. If A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {2, 4}, what are A x B, B x A, A x A, B x B, and (A x B) ∩ (B x A)?

Solution:

Given:

A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {2, 4}

Now let us find: A × B, B × A, A × A, (A × B) ∩ (B × A)

A × B = {1, 2, 3} × {2, 4}

= {(1, 2), (1, 4), (2, 2), (2, 4), (3, 2), (3, 4)}

B × A = {2, 4} × {1, 2, 3}

= {(2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (4, 1), (4, 2), (4, 3)}

A × A = {1, 2, 3} × {1, 2, 3}

= {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 3)}

B × B = {2, 4} × {2, 4}

= {(2, 2), (2, 4), (4, 2), (4, 4)}

The intersection of two sets represents common elements of both the sets.

So,

(A × B) ∩ (B × A) = {(2, 2)}

EXERCISE 2.2 PAGE NO: 2.12

1. Given A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {3, 4}, C = {4, 5, 6}, find (A x B) ∩ (B x C).

Solution:

Given:

A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {3, 4} and C = {4, 5, 6}

Let us find: (A × B) ∩ (B × C)

(A × B) = {1, 2, 3} × {3, 4}

= {(1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 3), (2, 4), (3, 3), (3, 4)}

(B × C) = {3, 4} × {4, 5, 6}

= {(3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 6), (4, 4), (4, 5), (4, 6)}

∴ (A × B) ∩ (B × C) = {(3, 4)}

2. If A = {2, 3}, B = {4, 5}, C = {5, 6} find A x (B ∪ C), (A x B) ∪ (A x C).

Solution:

Given: A = {2, 3}, B = {4, 5} and C = {5, 6}

Let us find: A x (B ∪ C) and (A x B) ∪ (A x C)

(B ∪ C) = {4, 5, 6}

A × (B ∪ C) = {2, 3} × {4, 5, 6}

= {(2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6), (3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 6)}

(A × B) = {2, 3} × {4, 5}

= {(2, 4), (2, 5), (3, 4), (3, 5)}

(A × C) = {2, 3} × {5, 6}

= {(2, 5), (2, 6), (3, 5), (3, 6)}

∴ (A × B) ∪ (A × C) = {(2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6), (3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 6)}

A × (B ∪ C) = {(2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6), (3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 6)}

3. If A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {4}, C = {5}, then verify that:
(i) A x (B ∪ C) = (A x B) ∪ (A x C)
(ii) A x (B ∩ C) = (A x B) ∩ (A x C)
(iii) A x (B – C) = (A x B) – (A x C)

Solution:

Given:

A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {4} and C = {5}

(i) A × (B ∪ C) = (A × B) ∪ (A × C)

Let us consider LHS: (B ∪ C)

(B ∪ C) = {4, 5}

A × (B ∪ C) = {1, 2, 3} × {4, 5}

= {(1, 4), (1, 5), (2, 4), (2, 5), (3, 4), (3, 5)}

Now, RHS

(A × B) = {1, 2, 3} × {4}

= {(1, 4), (2, 4), (3, 4)}

(A × C) = {1, 2, 3} × {5}

= {(1, 5), (2, 5), (3, 5)}

(A × B) ∪ (A × C) = {(1, 4), (2, 4), (3, 4), (1, 5), (2, 5), (3, 5)}

∴ LHS = RHS

(ii) A × (B ∩ C) = (A × B) ∩ (A × C)

Let us consider LHS: (B ∩ C)

(B ∩ C) = ∅ (No common element)

A × (B ∩ C) = {1, 2, 3} × ∅

= ∅

Now, RHS

(A × B) = {1, 2, 3} × {4}

= {(1, 4), (2, 4), (3, 4)}

(A × C) = {1, 2, 3} × {5}

= {(1, 5), (2, 5), (3, 5)}

(A × B) ∩ (A × C) = ∅

∴ LHS = RHS

(iii) A × (B − C) = (A × B) − (A × C)

Let us consider LHS: (B − C)

(B − C) = ∅

A × (B − C) = {1, 2, 3} × ∅

= ∅

Now, RHS

(A × B) = {1, 2, 3} × {4}

= {(1, 4), (2, 4), (3, 4)}

(A × C) = {1, 2, 3} × {5}

= {(1, 5), (2, 5), (3, 5)}

(A × B) − (A × C) = ∅

∴ LHS = RHS

4. Let A = {1, 2}, B = {1, 2, 3, 4}, C = {5, 6} and D = {5, 6, 7, 8}. Verify that:
(i) A x C ⊂ B x D
(ii) A x (B ∩ C) = (A x B) ∩ (A x C)

Solution:

Given:

A = {1, 2}, B = {1, 2, 3, 4}, C = {5, 6} and D = {5, 6, 7, 8}

(i) A x C ⊂ B x D

Let us consider LHS A x C.

A × C = {1, 2} × {5, 6}

= {(1, 5), (1, 6), (2, 5), (2, 6)}

Now, RHS

B × D = {1, 2, 3, 4} × {5, 6, 7, 8}

= {(1, 5), (1, 6), (1, 7), (1, 8), (2, 5), (2, 6), (2, 7), (2, 8), (3, 5), (3, 6), (3, 7), (3, 8), (4, 5), (4, 6), (4, 7), (4, 8)}

Since all elements of A × C is in B × D.

∴We can say A × C ⊂ B × D

(ii) A × (B ∩ C) = (A × B) ∩ (A × C)

Let us consider LHS A × (B ∩ C).

(B ∩ C) = ∅

A × (B ∩ C) = {1, 2} × ∅

= ∅

Now, RHS

(A × B) = {1, 2} × {1, 2, 3, 4}

= {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4)}

(A × C) = {1, 2} × {5, 6}

= {(1, 5), (1, 6), (2, 5), (2, 6)}

Since there is no common element between A × B and A × C,

(A × B) ∩ (A × C) = ∅

∴ A × (B ∩ C) = (A × B) ∩ (A × C)

5. If A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {3, 4} and C = {4, 5, 6}, find
(i) A x (B ∩ C)
(ii) (A x B) ∩ (A x C)
(iii) A x (B ∪ C)
(iv) (A x B) ∪ (A x C)

Solution:

Given:

A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {3, 4} and C = {4, 5, 6}

(i) A × (B ∩ C)

(B ∩ C) = {4}

A × (B ∩ C) = {1, 2, 3} × {4}

= {(1, 4), (2, 4), (3, 4)}

(ii) (A × B) ∩ (A × C)

(A × B) = {1, 2, 3} × {3, 4}

= {(1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 3), (2, 4), (3, 3), (3, 4)}

(A × C) = {1, 2, 3} × {4, 5, 6}

= {(1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6), (2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6), (3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 6)}

(A × B) ∩ (A × C) = {(1, 4), (2, 4), (3, 4)}

(iii) A × (B ∪ C)

(B ∪ C) = {3, 4, 5, 6}

A × (B ∪ C) = {1, 2, 3} × {3, 4, 5, 6}

= {(1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6), (2, 3), (2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6), (3, 3), (3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 6)}

(iv) (A × B) ∪ (A × C)

(A × B) = {1, 2, 3} × {3, 4}

= {(1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 3), (2, 4), (3, 3), (3, 4)}

(A × C) = {1, 2, 3} × {4, 5, 6}

= {(1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6), (2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6), (3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 6)}

(A × B) ∪ (A × C) = {(1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6), (2, 3), (2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6), (3, 3), (3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 6)}

6. Prove that:
(i) (A ∪ B) x C = (A x C) = (A x C) ∪ (B x C)

(ii) (A ∩ B) x C = (A x C) ∩ (B x C)

Solution:

(i) (A ∪ B) x C = (A x C) = (A x C) ∪ (B x C)

Let (x, y) be an arbitrary element of (A ∪ B) × C

(x, y) ∈ (A ∪ B) C

Since (x, y) are elements of the Cartesian product of (A ∪ B) × C,

x ∈ (A ∪ B) and y ∈ C

(x ∈ A or x ∈ B) and y ∈ C

(x ∈ A and y ∈ C) or (x ∈ Band y ∈ C)

(x, y) ∈ A × C or (x, y) ∈ B × C

(x, y) ∈ (A × C) ∪ (B × C) … (1)

Let (x, y) be an arbitrary element of (A × C) ∪ (B × C).

(x, y) ∈ (A × C) ∪ (B × C)

(x, y) ∈ (A × C) or (x, y) ∈ (B × C)

(x ∈ A and y ∈ C) or (x ∈ B and y ∈ C)

(x ∈ A or x ∈ B) and y ∈ C

x ∈ (A ∪ B) and y ∈ C

(x, y) ∈ (A ∪ B) × C … (2)

From 1 and 2, we get: (A ∪ B) × C = (A × C) ∪ (B × C)

(ii) (A ∩ B) x C = (A x C) ∩ (B x C)

Let (x, y) be an arbitrary element of (A ∩ B) × C.

(x, y) ∈ (A ∩ B) × C

Since (x, y) are elements of the Cartesian product of (A ∩ B) × C

x ∈ (A ∩ B) and y ∈ C

(x ∈ A and x ∈ B) and y ∈ C

(x ∈ A and y ∈ C) and (x ∈ Band y ∈ C)

(x, y) ∈ A × C and (x, y) ∈ B × C

(x, y) ∈ (A × C) ∩ (B × C) … (1)

Let (x, y) be an arbitrary element of (A × C) ∩ (B × C).

(x, y) ∈ (A × C) ∩ (B × C)

(x, y) ∈ (A × C) and (x, y) ∈ (B × C)

(x ∈A and y ∈ C) and (x ∈ Band y ∈ C)

(x ∈A and x ∈ B) and y ∈ C

x ∈ (A ∩ B) and y ∈ C

(x, y) ∈ (A ∩ B) × C … (2)

From 1 and 2, we get: (A ∩ B) × C = (A × C) ∩ (B × C)

7. If A x B ⊆ C x D and A ∩ B ∈ ∅, Prove that A ⊆ C and B ⊆ D.

Solution:

Given:

A × B ⊆ C x D and A ∩ B ∈ ∅

A × B ⊆ C x D denotes A × B is a subset of C × D that is, every element A × B is in C × D.

And A ∩ B ∈ ∅ denotes that A and B do not have any common element between them.

A × B = {(a, b): a ∈ A and b ∈ B}

∴We can say (a, b) ⊆ C × D [Since, A × B ⊆ C x D is given]

a ∈ C and b ∈ D

a ∈ A = a ∈ C

A ⊆ C

And

b ∈ B = b ∈ D

B ⊆ D

Hence proved.

EXERCISE 2.3 PAGE NO: 2.20

1. If A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {4, 5, 6}, which of the following are relations from A to B?
Give reasons in support of your answer.

(i) {(1, 6), (3, 4), (5, 2)}

(ii) {(1, 5), (2, 6), (3, 4), (3, 6)}

(iii) {(4, 2), (4, 3), (5, 1)}

(iv) A × B

Solution:

Given,

A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {4, 5, 6}

A relation from A to B can be defined as

A × B = {1, 2, 3} × {4, 5, 6}

= {(1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6), (2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6), (3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 6)}

(i) {(1, 6), (3, 4), (5, 2)}

No, it is not a relation from A to B. The given set is not a subset of A × B as (5, 2) is not a part of the relation from A to B.

(ii) {(1, 5), (2, 6), (3, 4), (3, 6)}

Yes, it is a relation from A to B. The given set is a subset of A × B.

(iii) {(4, 2), (4, 3), (5, 1)}

No, it is not a relation from A to B. The given set is not a subset of A × B.

(iv) A × B

A × B is a relation from A to B and can be defined as:

{(1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6), (2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6),(3, 4),(3, 5),(3, 6)}

2. A relation R is defined from a set A = {2, 3, 4, 5} to a set B = {3, 6, 7, 10} as follows: (x, y) R x is relatively prime to y. Express R as a set of ordered pairs and determine its domain and range.

Solution:

Relatively prime numbers are also known as co-prime numbers. If there is no integer greater than one that divides both (that is, their greatest common divisor is one).

Given: (x, y) ∈ R = x is relatively prime to y

Here,

2 is co-prime to 3 and 7.

3 is co-prime to 7 and 10.

4 is co-prime to 3 and 7.

5 is co-prime to 3, 6 and 7.

∴ R = {(2, 3), (2, 7), (3, 7), (3, 10), (4, 3), (4, 7), (5, 3), (5, 6), (5, 7)}

Domain of relation R = {2, 3, 4, 5}

Range of relation R = {3, 6, 7, 10}

3. Let A be the set of the first five natural and let R be a relation on A defined as follows: (x, y) R x ≤ y
Express R and R^-1 as sets of ordered pairs. Determine also
(i) the domain of R^‑1
(ii) The Range of R.

Solution:

A is a set of the first five natural numbers.

So, A= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

Given: (x, y) R x ≤ y

1 is less than 2, 3, 4 and 5.

2 is less than 3, 4 and 5.

3 is less than 4 and 5.

4 is less than 5.

5 is not less than any number A.

∴ R = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5), (2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4), (2, 5), (3, 3), (3, 4), (3, 5), (4, 4), (4, 5), (5, 5)}

“An inverse relation is the set of ordered pairs obtained by interchanging the first and second elements of each pair in the original relation. If the graph of a function contains a point (a, b), then the graph of the inverse relation of this function contains the point (b, a)”.

∴ R^-1 = {(1, 1), (2, 1), (3, 1), (4, 1), (5, 1), (2, 2), (3, 2), (4, 2), (5, 2), (3, 3), (4, 3), (5, 3), (4, 4), (5, 4) (5, 5)}

(i) Domain of R^‑1 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

(ii) Range of R = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

4. Find the inverse relation R^-1 in each of the following cases:
(i) R= {(1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 3), (3, 2), (5, 6)}
(ii) R= {(x, y) : x, y ∈ N; x + 2y = 8}
(iii) R is a relation from {11, 12, 13} to (8, 10, 12} defined by y = x – 3

Solution:

(i) Given:

R= {(1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 3), (3, 2), (5, 6)}

So, R^‑1 = {(2, 1), (3, 1), (3, 2), (2, 3), (6, 5)}

(ii) Given,

R= {(x, y): x, y ∈ N; x + 2y = 8}

Here, x + 2y = 8

x = 8 – 2y

As y ∈ N, Put the values of y = 1, 2, 3,…… till x ∈ N

When, y = 1, x = 8 – 2(1) = 8 – 2 = 6

When, y = 2, x = 8 – 2(2) = 8 – 4 = 4

When, y = 3, x = 8 – 2(3) = 8 – 6 = 2

When, y = 4, x = 8 – 2(4) = 8 – 8 = 0

Now, y cannot hold the value 4 because x = 0 for y = 4, which is not a natural number.

∴ R = {(2, 3), (4, 2), (6, 1)}

R^‑1 = {(3, 2), (2, 4), (1, 6)}

(iii) Given,

R is a relation from {11, 12, 13} to (8, 10, 12} defined by y = x – 3

Here,

x = {11, 12, 13} and y = (8, 10, 12}

y = x – 3

When, x = 11, y = 11 – 3 = 8 ∈ (8, 10, 12}

When, x = 12, y = 12 – 3 = 9 ∉ (8, 10, 12}

When, x = 13, y = 13 – 3 = 10 ∈ (8, 10, 12}

∴ R = {(11, 8), (13, 10)}

R^‑1 = {(8, 11), (10, 13)}

5. Write the following relations as sets of ordered pairs:
(i) A relation R from the set {2, 3, 4, 5, 6} to the set {1, 2, 3} defined by x = 2y.

(ii) A relation R on the set {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} defined by (x, y) ∈ R ⇔ x is relatively prime to y.

(iii) A relation R on the set {0, 1, 2,…,10} defined by 2x + 3y = 12.

(iv) A relation R form a set A = {5, 6, 7, 8} to the set B = {10, 12, 15, 16, 18} defined by (x, y) R x divides y.

Solution:

(i) A relation R from the set {2, 3, 4, 5, 6} to the set {1, 2, 3} defined by x = 2y.

Let A = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6} and B = {1, 2, 3}

Given, x = 2y where y = {1, 2, 3}

When, y = 1, x = 2(1) = 2

When, y = 2, x = 2(2) = 4

When, y = 3, x = 2(3) = 6

∴ R = {(2, 1), (4, 2), (6, 3)}

(ii) A relation R on the set {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} defined by (x, y) ∈ R ⇔ x is relatively prime to y.

Given:

(x, y) R x is relatively prime to y

Here,

2 is co-prime to 3, 5 and 7.

3 is co-prime to 2, 4, 5 and 7.

4 is co-prime to 3, 5 and 7.

5 is co-prime to 2, 3, 4, 6 and 7.

6 is co-prime to 5 and 7.

7 is co-prime to 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6.

∴ R ={(2, 3), (2, 5), (2, 7), (3, 2), (3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 7), (4, 3), (4, 5), (4, 7), (5, 2), (5, 3), (5, 4), (5, 6), (5, 7), (6, 5), (6, 7), (7, 2), (7, 3), (7, 4), (7, 5), (7, 6), (7, 7)}

(iii) A relation R on the set {0, 1, 2,…, 10} defined by 2x + 3y = 12.

Given,

(x, y) R 2x + 3y = 12

Where x and y = {0, 1, 2,…, 10}

2x + 3y = 12

2x = 12 – 3y

x = (12-3y)/2

When, y = 0, x = (12-3(0))/2 = 12/2 = 6

When, y = 2, x = (12-3(2))/2 = (12-6)/2 = 6/2 = 3

When, y = 4, x = (12-3(4))/2 = (12-12)/2 = 0/2 = 0

∴ R = {(0, 4), (3, 2), (6, 0)}

(iv) A relation R form a set A = {5, 6, 7, 8} to the set B = {10, 12, 15, 16, 18} defined by (x, y) ∈ R ⇔ x divides y.

Given,

(x, y) R x divides y

Where, x = {5, 6, 7, 8} and y = {10, 12, 15, 16, 18}

Here,

5 divides 10 and 15.

6 divides 12 and 18.

7 divides none of the values of set B.

8 divides 16.

∴ R = {(5, 10), (5, 15), (6, 12), (6, 18), (8, 16)}

6. Let R be a relation in N defined by (x, y) ∈ R ⇔ x + 2y = 8. Express R and R^-1 as sets of ordered pairs.

Solution:

Given,

(x, y) R x + 2y = 8 where x ∈ N and y ∈ N

x + 2y= 8

x = 8 – 2y

Putting the values y = 1, 2, 3,…… till x ∈ N

When, y = 1, x = 8 – 2(1) = 8 – 2 = 6

When, y = 2, x = 8 – 2(2) = 8 – 4 = 4

When, y = 3, x = 8 – 2(3) = 8 – 6 = 2

When, y = 4, x = 8 – 2(4) = 8 – 8 = 0

Now, y cannot hold the value 4 because x = 0 for y = 4, which is not a natural number.

∴ R = {(2, 3), (4, 2), (6, 1)}

R^‑1 = {(3, 2), (2, 4), (1, 6)}

7. Let A = {3, 5} and B = {7, 11}. Let R = {(a, b): a ∈ A, b ∈ B, a-b is odd}. Show that R is an empty relation from A to B.

Solution:

Given,

A = {3, 5} and B = {7, 11}

R = {(a, b): a ∈ A, b ∈ B, a-b is odd}

On putting a = 3 and b = 7,

a – b = 3 – 7 = -4 which is not odd.

On putting a = 3 and b = 11,

a – b = 3 – 11 = -8 which is not odd.

On putting a = 5 and b = 7:

a – b = 5 – 7 = -2 which is not odd,

On putting a = 5 and b = 11:

a – b = 5 – 11 = -6 which is not odd.

∴ R = { } = Φ

R is an empty relation from A into B.

Hence proved.

8. Let A = {1, 2} and B = {3, 4}. Find the total number of relations from A into B.

Solution:

Given,

A= {1, 2}, B= {3, 4}

n (A) = 2 (Number of elements in set A).

n (B) = 2 (Number of elements in set B).

We know,

n (A × B) = n (A) × n (B)

= 2 × 2

= 4 [since, n(x) = a, n(y) = b. total number of relations = 2^ab]

∴ The number of relations from A to B is 2⁴ = 16.

9. Determine the domain and range of the relation R defined by
(i) R = {(x, x+5): x ∈ {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

(ii) R= {(x, x³): x is a prime number less than 10}

Solution:

(i) R = {(x, x+5): x ∈ {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

Given,

R = {(x, x+5): x ∈ {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

∴ R = {(0, 0+5), (1, 1+5), (2, 2+5), (3, 3+5), (4, 4+5), (5, 5+5)}

R = {(0, 5), (1, 6), (2, 7), (3, 8), (4, 9), (5, 10)}

So,

Domain of relation R = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

Range of relation R = {5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}

(ii) R= {(x, x³): x is a prime number less than 10}

Given,

R = {(x, x³): x is a prime number less than 10}

Prime numbers less than 10 are 2, 3, 5 and 7

∴ R = {(2, 2³), (3, 3³), (5, 5³), (7, 7³)}

R = {(2, 8), (3, 27), (5, 125), (7, 343)}

So,

Domain of relation R = {2, 3, 5, 7}

Range of relation R = {8, 27, 125, 343}

10. Determine the domain and range of the following relations:
(i) R= {a, b): a ∈ N, a < 5, b = 4}

(ii) S= {a, b): b = |a-1|, a ∈ Z and |a| ≤ 3}

Solution:

(i) R= {a, b): a ∈ N, a < 5, b = 4}

Given,

R= {a, b): a ∈ N, a < 5, b = 4}

Natural numbers less than 5 are 1, 2, 3 and 4

a = {1, 2, 3, 4} and b = {4}

R = {(1, 4), (2, 4), (3, 4), (4, 4)}

So,

Domain of relation R = {1, 2, 3, 4}

Range of relation R = {4}

(ii) S= {a, b): b = |a-1|, a ∈ Z and |a| ≤ 3}

Given,

S= {a, b): b = |a-1|, a ∈ Z and |a| ≤ 3}

Z denotes an integer which can be positive as well as negative.

Now, |a| ≤ 3 and b = |a-1|

∴ a = {-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3}

For a = -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, we get,

S = {(-3, |-3 – 1|), (-2, |-2 – 1|), (-1, |-1 – 1|), (0, |0 – 1|), (1, |1 – 1|), (2, |2 – 1|), (3, |3 – 1|)}

S = {(-3, |-4|), (-2, |-3|), (-1, |-2|), (0, |-1|), (1, |0|), (2, |1|), (3, |2|)}

S = {(-3, 4), (-2, 3), (-1, 2), (0, 1), (1, 0), (2, 1), (3, 2)}

b = 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2

So,

Domain of relation S = {0, -1, -2, -3, 1, 2, 3}

Range of relation S = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}

11. Let A = {a, b}. List all relations on A and find their number.

Solution:

The total number of relations that can be defined from a set A to a set B is the number of possible subsets of A × B. If n (A) = p and n (B) = q, then n (A × B) = pq.

So, the total number of relations is 2^pq.

Now,

A × A = {(a, a), (a, b), (b, a), (b, b)}

The total number of relations are all possible subsets of A × A:

n (A) = 2 ⇒ n (A × A) = 2 × 2 = 4

∴ Total number of relations = 2⁴ = 16